Energy, Vol.21, No.12, 1147-1156, 1996
Reactive and selective redox system of Ni(II)-ferrite for a two-step CO and H-2 production cycle from carbon and water
A number of redox systems composed of carbon and bivalent metal-ferrites, MFe(2)O(4)(M = bivalent metal ions), were studied to find the most reactive and selective working materials for a thermochemical water-decomposition cycle combined with CO production from a carbon compound. Magnetite and Mg(II)-, Mn(II)-, Co(II)-, Ni(II)-, and Zn(II)-ferrites mixed with carbon powder have been screened for reactivity and selectivity in the CO-production step (first step) and subsequent water-decomposition step (second step). The Ni(II)-ferrite showed the most reactivity and selectivity for CO formation from carbon in the first step at temperatures above 700 degrees C. The Ni(II)-ferrite could be completely reduced with carbon to the metallic phase of the Ni-Fe alloy and Ni in the first step although only a small portion of magnetite was reduced to wustite under similar conditions. The ferrites reduced in the first step were oxidized with water vapor to generate H-2 in the second step. The highest conversion of H2O to H-2 was obtained using the Ni(II)-ferrite. The total amount of evolved H-2 using Ni(II)-ferrite was 10 times larger than for the magnetite at 500 degrees C. The processes could be repeated using the phase transition between Ni(II)-ferrite and Ni-Fe alloy in the temperature range 700-800 degrees C, with the highly efficient net reaction H2O + C --> H-2 + CO.