Photonic crystal type structures of biological origin were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-VIS reflectance measurements. It was demonstrated that despite the moderate refractive index contrast between chitin and air, biological evolution developed in the wing scale nanostructures of butterflies representing various families, numerous structures with different lines of blue and very different degrees of directionality. Furthermore, for illustrating the variety Of purposes for which nature may use photonic structures, the UV protection mechanism of the high altitude flower Edelweiss has been investigated. We present fully Supportive data that the protection mechanism is based Oil Coupling by nanostructured, highly selective couplers the harmful UV radiation in propagating modes along fibers containing UV absorbing pigment. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.