An indigenous strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa S2 ( P. aeruginosa S2), isolated from diesel-contaminated soil, produced extracellular surface-active material identified as rhamnolipid. Due to its excellent surface activity, rhamnolipid is known to be well-suited for stimulating the bioremediation efficiency of oil contaminated sites. To improve production yield of rhamnolipid with P. aeruginosa S2, various carbon and nitrogen sources were screened to select favorable ones leading to better biosurfactant production yield. It was found that using 4% glucose could attain better rhamnolipid yield, while 50 mM NH4NO3 appeared to be the most preferable nitrogen source. Meanwhile, the effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio ( C/N ratio) on rhamnolipid yield was also investigated, and the optimal C/N ratio was identified as approximately 11.4. Moreover, response surface methodology ( RSM) was applied to optimize the trace element concentration for rhamnolipid production. Results from two-level design indicate that concentrations of MgSO4 and FeSO4 were the most significant factors affecting rhamnolipid production. Using steepest ascent method and RSM analysis, an optimal medium composition was determined, giving a rhamnolipid production yield of 2.37 g/L in 100 h at 37 degrees C and 200 rpm agitation. Scale-up production of rhamnolipid in a well-controlled 5 L jar fermentor using the optimal medium and operating condition ( at 37 degrees C and pH 6.8) further elevated the biosurfactant production yield to 5.31 g/L ( in 97 h), which is over 2-fold higher than the best results obtained from shake-flask tests.