A transient, one-dimensional thermal model for a generic polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) stack is developed to investigate the cold-start ability and the corresponding energy requirement over different operating and ambient conditions. The model is constructed by applying the conservation of energy on each stack component and connecting the component's relevant boundaries to form a continuous thermal model. The phase change of ice and re-circulation of coolant flow are included in the analytical framework and their contribution to the stack thermal mass and temperature distribution of the components is also explored. A parametric study was conducted to determine the governing parameters, relative impact of the thermal mass of each stack component and ice, and anticipated temperature distribution in the stack at start-up for various operating conditions. Results indicate that 20 cells were sufficient to accurately experimentally and computationally simulate the full size stack behavior. It was observed that an optimum range of operating current density exists for a chosen stack design, in which rapid start-up of the stack from sub-zero condition can be achieved. Thermal isolation of the stack at the end plates is recommended to reduce the start-up time. Additionally, an end plate thickness exceeding a threshold value has no added effect on the stack cold-start ability. Effect of various internal and external heating mechanisms on the stack start-up were also investigated, and flow of heated coolant above VC was found to be the most effective way to achieve the rapid start-up. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.