Colloidal InP quantum rods (QRs) having controlled diameters and lengths are grown by the solution-liquid-solid method, from Bi nanoparticles in the presence of hexadecylamine and other conventional quantum dot surfactants. These quantum rods show band-edge photoluminescence after HF photochemical etching. Photoluminescence efficiency is further enhanced after the Bi tips are selectively removed from the QRs by oleic acid etching. The QRs are anisotropically 3D confined, the nature of which is compared to the corresponding isotropic 3D confinement in quantum dots and 2D confinement in quantum wires. The 3D-2D rod-wire transition length is experimentally determined to be 25 nm, which is about 2 times the bulk InP exciton Bohr radius (of similar to 11 nm).