It is becoming increasingly difficult to isolate novel useful microorganisms from the natural environment using conventional screening methods based on pure culture techniques. A novel method for screening microorganisms in symbiotic association with insects was developed. This method involves the following two steps. In the first step, the existence of desired microorganisms that grow well by degrading difficult-to-degrade materials in the gut of insects is detected using the survivability of insects as an indicator. In the second step, the desired microorganisms are selected from the surviving insects. The second step is based on an idea that the guts of insects act as continuous-culture systems whereby microorganisms that cannot degrade diet components are washed out whereas those that can degrade diet components are retained and made to multiply in the gut. Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki was fed with an artificial diet containing phenol as a model of lignin-derived and difficult-to-degrade compound. Each C formosanus feeding on an artificial diet containing 100 mg/l phenol had different levels of adaptation to the toxicity of phenol. About 20% of C formosanus fed with an artificial diet containing 100 mg/l phenol died within a few days whereas others survived for more than 10 d. The structure of the intestinal microorganisms of the surviving C formosanus fed with the 100 mg/l phenol artificial diet gradually changed and was very different from that of the bacterial communities obtained from the enrichment culture of wood-feeding C formosanus using an artificial medium containing phenol as a sole carbon source. Furthermore, Only three species (as DGGE band) were detected from the gut of wood-feeding C formosanus, whereas 200 times more phenol-degrading microorganisms were detected in the gut of C formosanus feeding on a phenol artificial diet. Out of these nine species (as DGGE band) of phenol-degrading microorganisms were isolated. The screening method developed in this study can also be applied to various insects, leading to the isolation of various microorganisms that can degrade difficult-to-degrade compounds.