Dense Al2O3-based composites (>= 99.0% of theoretical) dispersed with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were fabricated using the pulsed electric-current pressure sintering (PECPS) for 5 min at 1300 degrees C and 30 MPa in a vacuum. The dispersion of CNFs into the matrix depended much on the particle size of the starting Al2O3 powders. Mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated in relation with their microstructures; high values of three-point bending strength sigma(b) (similar to 800 MPa) and fracture toughness K-IC (similar to 5 MPa.m(1/2)) were attained at the composition of CNF/Al2O3 = 5:95 vol%, which sigma(b) and KIC values were similar to 25% and similar to 5%, respectively, higher than those of monolithic Al2O3. This might be due to the small Al2O3 grains (1.6 mu m) of dense sintered compacts compared with that (4.4 mu m) for the pure Al2O3 ceramics, resulting from the suppression of grain growth during sintering induced by uniformly dispersed CNFs in the matrix. Electrical resistivity of CNF/Al2O3 composites decreased rapidly from >10(15) to similar to 2.1 x 10(-2) Omega m (5vol%CNF addition), suggesting the machinability of Al2O3-based composites by electrical discharge machining.