The greatest nuclear proliferation risk today arises from the lack of adequate physical protection, control and accounting of weapon usable materials in Russia. The most effective way to improve physical security and material accounting in Russia is through a cooperative effort to construct a comprehensive, non-discriminatory regime that ultimately would place all nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon usable materials under some form of multilateral monitoring. There is an urgent need for government action in states that now have significant programs involving the commercial use of nuclear weapon usable materials to defer further separation of plutonium until the global inventory of separated plutonium is significantly reduced and energy market conditions fully justify the added security risks of using plutonium in the civil fuel cycle.