Crystalline technetium dioxide was prepared and for the first time its crystal structure determined by neutron powder diffraction. In addition, electronic structure calculations using density functional theory were performed to further elucidate the bonding mechanisms in TcO2. The crystal structure determined by Rietveld analysis with the NPD data is of a distorted rutile type, similar to that of MoO2; space group P2(1)/c, a = 5.6891(1), b = 4.7546(1), c = 5.5195(1) A, and beta = 121.453(1)degrees. The NPD analysis also establishes a new neutron scattering length of 6.00(3) fm for Tc-99. Our results clearly show metal-metal bonding between Tc pairs along the edge-sharing chains of TcO6 octahedra. The Tc-Tc bond was found to be 2.622(1) A from NPD profile analysis and 2.59 A from first-principles DFT calculations. The bond is somewhat longer than expected from earlier predictions, suggesting that the nature of the Tc-Tc interaction is weaker than anticipated for the Tc(IV) cation with three outer electrons. The NPD results supported by the DFT calculations suggest that the filling of antibonding orbitals and the influence of the crystal field stabilization of the d(3) Tc cations lead to more regular TcO6 octahedra and diminish the metal-metal bond strength compared with closely related oxides such MoO2 and WO2.