Transport system energy use depends on a wide range of factors, which are all affected by the changing transport policy agenda in the European Union (EU), More focus on congestion, CO2 emissions and, to a lesser extent, the geographical differentiation in air quality problems is expected, Undue reliance on existing policy instruments would mean that these problems could not be dealt with (cost) effectively, Therefore, new policy tools, such as a revitalization of rail freight, road pricing, differentiated vehicle taxes and measures to deal with the ＇no-regrets＇ potential in passenger car fuel economy are likely to be required, These policies could constrain growth in fuel use and CO2 emissions from transport over the next 15 years, but further reductions would require a breakthrough in alternative vehicle technology.