Formation and mechanistic study of self-ordered TiO2 nanotubes on Ti substrate

Soon Hyung Kang; Jae-Yup Kim; Hyun Sik Kim; Yung-Eun Sung

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.14, No.1, 52-59, January, 2008

DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2007.06.004 Export Citation

Formation and mechanistic study of self-ordered TiO2 nanotubes on Ti substrate

Soon Hyung Kang, Jae-Yup Kim, Hyun Sik Kim, and Yung-Eun Sung^†

School of Chemical & Biological Engineering & Interdisciplinary Program in Nano Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

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The formation of anatase TiO2 nanotubes by anodic oxidation on a pure titanium substrate in an aqueous solution containing 0.5 wt.% NaF was investigated. Nanotubes with a length of 3 mu m in a nanotubular TiO2 film were obtained in the pH 4.2 electrolyte. In strong acidic solution (pH 1.5), TiO2 nanotubes of short length were formed due to the fast chemical dissolution rate. In this case, there was no variation of the average pore diameter and wall thickness of the TiO2 nanotubes. From this experiment, it was again confirmed that the pH value of the electrolyte controls the thickness of the well-aligned TiO2 nanotubes. A mechanistic study of the formation of the TiO2 nanotubes was performed based on the observation of the surface morphology (top-view and cross-sectional view) using FE-SEM and the analysis of the current density-time curves. Furthermore, the morphology of the anodized TiO2 film shows a rough surface and irregular wall thickness, since the anodic reaction was performed in an aqueous solution containing F-ions. The origin of this morphology was dealt with in detail in the FE-SEM study. The crystal structure of the TiO2 nanotubes was confirmed using XRD and Raman analyses. (c) 2007 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:anodic oxidation;titanium oxide;nanoporous structure;nanotube;NaF electrolyte

[References]

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Kang SH, Kim JY, Kim YK, Sung YE, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem., 186, 234 (2007)
Yoo SJ, Lim JW, Sung YE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 90, 477 (2006)
Park KW, Inorg. Chem., 44(9), 3190 (2005)
Asahi R, Morkawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y, Science, 293, 269 (2001)
Mantzila AG, Prodromidis MI, Electroanalysis, 17, 1878 (2005)
Zhang ZR, Gong ZL, Yang Y, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(45), 17546 (2004)
Jung JH, Kobayashi H, van Bommel KJC, Shinkai S, Shimizu T, Chem. Mater., 14, 1445 (2002)
Shchukin DG, Caruso RA, Adv. Funct. Mater., 13(10), 789 (2003)
Liu SM, Gan LM, Liu LH, Zhang WD, Zeng HC, Chem. Mater., 14, 1391 (2002)
Khan MA, Jung HT, Yang OB, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110(13), 6626 (2006)
Bavykin DV, Parmon VN, Lapkina AA, Walshc FC, J. Mater. Chem., 14, 3370 (2004)
Lan Y, Gao XP, Zhu HY, Zheng ZF, Yan TY, Wu F, Ringer SP, Song DY, Adv. Funct. Mater., 15(8), 1310 (2005)
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Macak JM, Sirotna K, Schmuki P, Electrochim. Acta, 50(18), 3679 (2005)
Christophersen M, Carstensen J, Foll H, Phys. Status Solidi A-Appl. Res., 182, 103 (2000)
Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Schmuki P, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 44, 2100 (2005)
Taveira LV, Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Dick LFP, Schmuki P, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152(10), B405 (2005)
Choi JS, Wehrspohn RB, Lee J, Gosele U, Electrochim. Acta, 49(16), 2645 (2004)
Bayoumi FM, Ateya BG, Electrochem. Commun., 8, 38 (2006)
Parkhutik V, Solid-State Electron., 45(8), 1451 (2001)
Beranek R, Hildebrand H, Schmuki P, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 6(3), B12 (2003)
Jia Y, Zhou H, Luo P, Luo S, Chen J, Kuang Y, Surf. Coat. Technol., 201, 513 (2006)
Tsuchiya H, Schmuki P, Small, 1, 722 (2005)
Abdesselem S, Aida MS, Ouahab A, Physica B, 373, 33 (2006)
Kang SH, Sung YE, Electrochim. Acta, 51, 4433 (2006)
Saadoun M, Mliki N, Kaabi H, Daoudi K, Bessais B, Ezzaouia H, Bennaceur R, Thin Solid Films, 405(1-2), 29 (2002)
Zwilling V, Aucouturier M, Darque-Ceretti E, Electrochim. Acta, 45(6), 921 (1999)
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Choi HC, Jung YM, Kim SB, Vib. Spectrosc., 37, 33 (2005)
Shanmugam S, Gabashvili A, Kacob DS, Gedanken A, Chem. Mater., 18, 2275 (2006)

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[2] Yum JH, Kim SS, Kim DY, Sung YE, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem., 173, 1 (2005)

[3] Kang SH, Kim JY, Kim YK, Sung YE, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem., 186, 234 (2007)

[4] Yoo SJ, Lim JW, Sung YE, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 90, 477 (2006)

[5] Park KW, Inorg. Chem., 44(9), 3190 (2005)

[6] Asahi R, Morkawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y, Science, 293, 269 (2001)

[7] Mantzila AG, Prodromidis MI, Electroanalysis, 17, 1878 (2005)

[8] Zhang ZR, Gong ZL, Yang Y, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(45), 17546 (2004)

[9] Jung JH, Kobayashi H, van Bommel KJC, Shinkai S, Shimizu T, Chem. Mater., 14, 1445 (2002)

[10] Shchukin DG, Caruso RA, Adv. Funct. Mater., 13(10), 789 (2003)

[11] Liu SM, Gan LM, Liu LH, Zhang WD, Zeng HC, Chem. Mater., 14, 1391 (2002)

[12] Khan MA, Jung HT, Yang OB, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110(13), 6626 (2006)

[13] Bavykin DV, Parmon VN, Lapkina AA, Walshc FC, J. Mater. Chem., 14, 3370 (2004)

[14] Lan Y, Gao XP, Zhu HY, Zheng ZF, Yan TY, Wu F, Ringer SP, Song DY, Adv. Funct. Mater., 15(8), 1310 (2005)

[15] Nakahira A, Konishi K, Yokota K, Honma T, Aritani H, Tanaka K, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 114, 46 (2006)

[16] Patermarakis G, Moussoutzanis K, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142(3), 737 (1995)

[17] Deng PY, De Bai X, Chen XW, Feng QL, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151(5), B284 (2004)

[18] Gong D, Grimes CA, Varghese OK, J. Mater. Res., 16, 3331 (2001)

[19] Aggour M, Dittrich T, Belaidi A, Sieber I, Rappich J, Phys. Status Solidi, 2, 3344 (2005)

[20] Paulose M, Shankar K, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Hardin B, Grimes CA, Nanotechnology, 17, 1446 (2006)

[21] Macak JM, Sirotna K, Schmuki P, Electrochim. Acta, 50(18), 3679 (2005)

[22] Christophersen M, Carstensen J, Foll H, Phys. Status Solidi A-Appl. Res., 182, 103 (2000)

[23] Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Schmuki P, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 44, 2100 (2005)

[24] Taveira LV, Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Dick LFP, Schmuki P, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152(10), B405 (2005)

[25] Choi JS, Wehrspohn RB, Lee J, Gosele U, Electrochim. Acta, 49(16), 2645 (2004)

[26] Bayoumi FM, Ateya BG, Electrochem. Commun., 8, 38 (2006)

[27] Parkhutik V, Solid-State Electron., 45(8), 1451 (2001)

[28] Beranek R, Hildebrand H, Schmuki P, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 6(3), B12 (2003)

[29] Jia Y, Zhou H, Luo P, Luo S, Chen J, Kuang Y, Surf. Coat. Technol., 201, 513 (2006)

[30] Tsuchiya H, Schmuki P, Small, 1, 722 (2005)

[31] Abdesselem S, Aida MS, Ouahab A, Physica B, 373, 33 (2006)

[32] Kang SH, Sung YE, Electrochim. Acta, 51, 4433 (2006)

[33] Saadoun M, Mliki N, Kaabi H, Daoudi K, Bessais B, Ezzaouia H, Bennaceur R, Thin Solid Films, 405(1-2), 29 (2002)

[34] Zwilling V, Aucouturier M, Darque-Ceretti E, Electrochim. Acta, 45(6), 921 (1999)

[35] Macak JM, Tsuchiya H, Taveira L, Schmuki P, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 44, 7463 (2005)

[36] Choi HC, Jung YM, Kim SB, Vib. Spectrosc., 37, 33 (2005)

[37] Shanmugam S, Gabashvili A, Kacob DS, Gedanken A, Chem. Mater., 18, 2275 (2006)