Arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite [As(III)] sorption at the solid-water interface of activated carbon impregnated with zirconyl nitrate (Zr-AC) was investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and surface complexation modeling. The XAS data at the Zr K-edge suggest that the structure of the zirconyl nitrate coating is built from chains of edge-sharing ZrO8 trigonal dodecahedra bound to each other through two double hydroxyl bridges. The 8-fold coordination of each Zr atom is completed by four O atoms, which share a bit less than the two theoretically possible bidentate nitrate groups. On impregnation, two of the O atoms may lose their nitrate group and be transformed to hydroxyl groups ready for binding to carboxylic or phenolic ligands at the AC surface. As K-edge XANES results showed the presence of only As(V) on adsorption regardless of the initial As oxidation state. Oxidation to As(V) is probably mediated by available carbon species on the AC surface as found by batch titration. Zr K-edge EXAFS data indicate that arsenate tetrahedra form monodentate mononuclear surface complexes with free hydroxyl groups of zirconyl dodecahedra, whereby each bidentate nitrate group is exchanged by up to two arsenate groups. The inner-sphere arsenate binding to the Zr-AC surface sites constrained with the spectroscopic results was used in the formulation of a surface complexation model to successfully describe the adsorption behavior of arsenate in the pH range between 4 and 12. The results suggest therefore that Zr-AC is an effective adsorbent for arsenic removal due to its high surface area and the presence of high affinity surface hydroxyl groups. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.