The formation of various nanostructures of titanium oxide by anodization of titanium in different electrolytes was studied in order to reveal factors that influence on the cell attachment and proliferation on the surface of anodically prepared titanium implant. We found that the morphology of titanium oxide is dramatically changed upon electrochemical conditions. Emphasizing that there is a competitive reaction between F- ions and PO43- and it provides the different levels of incorporation of anions in the formed oxide, the mechanism of nanostructured titanium oxides in terms of different anodizing conditions was described. Titanium oxides containing enriched F- ions stimulate cell attachment, whereas high proliferation levels of cells are observed in phosphate incorporated titanium oxides. The map of cell attachment and proliferation vs. anodic conditions was depicted. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.