Aims: To study lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast dynamics during the production processes of sweet-leavened goods manufactured with type I sourdoughs. Methods and Results: Fourteen sourdough and dough samples were taken from a baking company in central Italy during the production lines of three varieties of Panettone. The samples underwent pH measurements and plating analysis on three solid media. The microbial DNA was extracted from both the (sour)doughs and the viable LAB and yeast cells collected in bulk, and subjected to PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. The molecular fingerprinting of the cultivable plus noncultivable microbial populations provide evidence of the dominance of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Lactobacillus brevis and Candida humilis in the three fermentation processes. The DGGE profiles of the cultivable communities reveal a bacterial shift in the final stages of two of the production processes, suggesting an effect of technological parameters on the selection of the dough microflora. Conclusions: Our findings confirm the importance of using a combined analytical approach to explore microbial communities that develop during the leavening process of sweet-leavened goods. Significance and Impact of the Study: In-depth studies of sourdough biodiversity and population dynamics occurring during sourdough fermentation are fundamental for the control of the leavening process and the manufacture of standardized, high-quality products.