One-dimensional fibers and tubes are constructed through the oriented carbon-carbon cross-linking reactions towards rigid conjugated polymer networks. As the result, a template-free and one-step synthesis of CNTs and CNFs is achieved through a simple carbonization of the as-formed carbon-rich tubular and fiberlike polyphenylene precursors under argon. Microporous CNTs and CNFs with a surface area up to 900 m(2) g(-1) are obtained, together with HR-TEM characterizations indicating the formation of intrinsic microporous structure in these rigid carbon-rich networks. The primary electrochemical experiments reveal their promising application as advanced electrodes in electrochemical double-layered capacitor (EDLC).