Recycling of wood ash is based on the presumption that moderate concentrations of environmentally harmful elements are a part of the nutrient cycle and do not increase in net concentrations in the forest soil. It is assumed that the same quantities of harmful elements are harvested from the forest and recycled back. This principle does not apply to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) since these pollutants are formed during the combustion process, especially when the combustion performance is poor. Additionally, industrial combustors are adjusted in order to reduce NOx-emissions, indirectly causing formation of PAHs. This study examined fly ash from combustion of pulverized wood for its elemental and PAH concentrations during a period of 9 weeks. The 16 EPA-PAH concentrations range between 40 and 300 mg kg(-1). Re-burning of the ash reduces the PAH concentrations to 0.24 mg kg(-1) and organic carbon concentration from 40% to 5%, enhancing its composition significantly. It is important to determine the amount and fate of PAHs spread on forest soils with wood ash to ensure the improvement of the health of the forest ecosystem. Maximized energy efficiency of industrial boilers is the key to reducing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and enabling a sustainable nutrient recycling system. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.