HIV protease inhibitors are Currently being discussed to be useful as new and alternative anti-cancer agents, especially as second line treatments for chemo-resistant human cancer types. Among three clinically applied HIV protease inhibitors tested, we found a high efficacy of nelfinavir oil ovarian cancer cells, accompanied by apoptosis (annexin binding) and necrosis (propidium iodide permeability). In vitro, at concentrations used to induce cell death in ovarian cancer cells, nelfinavir had no effect on the cellular viability of fibroblasts or peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. Nelfinavir sensitized ovarian cancer cells to treatment with an apoptosis-inducing TRAIL receptor antibody clue to upregulation of the TRAIL receptor DR5 as shown by RT-PCR and FACScan analysis. We conclude that nelfinavir, an already approved drug, is a highly efficient agent against ovarian cancer cells and Could sensitize ovarian cancer cells to TRAIL treatment, either therapeutically applied or endogenously produced by cells of the immune system. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.