Activins and inhibins are members of the transforming growth factor-p superfamily that act on different cell types and regulate a broad range of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Here, we provide the first evidence that activins and inhibins regulate specific checkpoints during thymocyte development. We demonstrate that both activin A and inhibin A promote the DN3-DN4 transition in vitro, although they differentially control the transition to the DIP stage. Whereas activin A induces the accumulation of a CD(8+)CD24(+)TCR beta(10) intermediate subpopulation, inhibin A promotes the differentiation of DN4 to DIP. In addition, both activin A and inhibin A appear to promote CD8(+)SP differentiation. Moreover, inhibin alpha null mice have delayed in vitro T cell development, showing both a decrease in the DN-DP transition and reduced thymocyte numbers, further Supporting a role for inhibins in the control of developmental signals taking place during T cell differentiation in vivo. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.