Interleukin (IL)-33 is a novel member of the IL-1 family. IL-33 is primarily synthesized as a 30-kDa precursor (pro-IL-33). Pro-IL-33 is cleaved by caspase-1 into an 18-kDa mature form (mature IL-33) in vitro. Recombinant mature IL-33 has been known to induce T-helper type-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines and inflammatory cytokines via its receptor, ST2L However, processing of pro-IL-33 in vivo has not been clarified yet. Here, we report that calpain mediates pro-IL-33 processing in vivo. Pro-IL-33 was expressed by stimulating human epithelial cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Calcium ionophore induced pro-IL-33 cleavage and mature IL-33 production. This cleavage was inhibited by treatment with a calcium and calpain inhibitors. Moreover, short interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of calpains chelator suppressed pro-IL-33 cleavage. These results indicate that calpains play a critical role in pro-IL-33 processing in vivo. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.