The paper presents the results of a complex study of the structure, phase composition and physical and mechanical properties of a new biocomposite material, bulk nanostructured titanium-calcium-phosphate coating, as well as its biological testing. The high-strength nanostructured titanium was obtained by multiple uniaxial pressing using an original press-mold within the temperature interval from 1023 to 623 K and the additional rolling deformation in combination with prior-recrystalline annealing. Such a treatment produces improvement in the mechanical properties of titanium up to the level of high-strength titanium alloys, for example, Ti-6Al-4V. It was found that the micro-arc technique of formation of calcium phosphate (Ca-P) coating in aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid, hydroxylapatite and calcium carbonate powders provides the generation of p-tricalcium phosphate that points to high biocompatibility. Adhesion strength of Ca-P coating to nanostructured titanium is no less than 25 MPa. Biological tests in vivo showed that the novel coating promotes implant integration into bone marrow cells and provides the growth of bone tissue on an implant surface. The novel calcium phosphate coating is highly biocompatible, nontoxic and can be used for osteosynthesis. (C) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2009