Pluronic 123-templated mesoporous SBA-15 silica rods with a length of ca. 3.0-4.0 mu m were easily synthesized in a dilute silicate solution with a pH value of 2.0 at room temperature. Through a good control on the synthetic condition and the chemical components, a high homogeneity (> 95%) of the hexagonal SBA-15 silica rods can be achieved. In addition, the effect of the synthetic conditions including acid source, weight ratio of the P123/sodium silicate, temperature, water content, pH value, and applying shearing flow were explored in detail to tailor the morphologies of the SBA-15 mesoporous silicas. In this paper, we also focused on the counterion effect on the synthesis of the SBA-15 mesoporous silicas. It was found that the SO4 (2-) counterion from H2SO4 has higher affinity to induce the formation of P123 rod-like micelles than that of Cl-, NO3 (-). Meanwhile, we postulated that the self-assembly pathway of the silica species and the neutral tri-block copolymer micelles in a dilute solution with a pH value of 2.0 would occur through an S-0 center dot center dot center dot I-0 rather than the (SX-aEuro broken vertical bar I+)-X-0 one as previously discussed. We further employed the SAB-15 mesoporous silica rods as the templates to synthesize high-quality CMK-3 mesoporous carbon rods by using commercially available phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin as the carbon source.