Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from cashew nut shell as a new low-cost adsorbent

Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar; Subramaniam Ramalingam; Kannaiyan Sathishkumar

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol.28, No.1, 149-155, January, 2011

DOI10.1007/s11814-010-0342-0 Export Citation

Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from cashew nut shell as a new low-cost adsorbent

Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar^†, Subramaniam Ramalingam¹, and Kannaiyan Sathishkumar

Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Chennai 603 110, India
¹Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118-5674, U.S.A., USA

E-mail:

Methylene blue dye was adsorbed on an adsorbent prepared from cashew nut shell. A batch adsorption study was carried out with variable adsorbent amount, initial dye concentration, contact time and pH. Studies showed that the pH of aqueous solutions affected dye removal as a result of removal efficiency increased with increasing solution pH. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Koble-Corrigan, Toth, Temkin, Sips and Dubinin-Radushkevich models of adsorption using MATLAB 7.1. The experimental data yielded excellent fits within the following isotherm order: Redlich-Peterson>Toth>Sips>Koble-Corrigan>Langmuir>Temkin>Dubinin-Radushkevich>Freundlich, based on its correlation coefficient values. Three simplified kinetic models including a pseudofirst-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equations were selected to follow the adsorption process. It was shown that the adsorption of methylene blue could be described by the pseudo-second-order equation. The results indicate that cashew nut shell activated carbon could be employed as a low cost alternative to commercial activated carbon in the removal of dyes from wastewater.

Keywords:Cashew Nut Shell;Activated Carbon;Methylene Blue;Adsorption;Isotherms;Kinetics

[References]

Padmesh TVN, Vijayaraghavan K, Sekaran G, Velan M, Dyes Pigm., 71, 77 (2006)
Ho YS, Chiang TH, Hsueh YM, Process Biochem., 40, 119 (2005)
Reife A, Dyes, Environmental Chemistry, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Ed. Washington, John Wiley & Sons, 753 (1993)
Pagga U, Braun D, Chemosphere., 15, 479 (1986)
Vadivelan V, Kumar KV, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 286(1), 90 (2005)
Garg VK, Amita M, Kumar R, Gupta R, Dyes Pigm., 63, 243 (2004)
Sanghi R, Bhattacharya B, Color Technol., 118, 256 (2002)
Meshko V, Markovska L, Mincheva M, Rodrigues AE, Water Res., 35, 3357 (2001)
Malik PK, Dyes Pigm., 56, 239 (2003)
Goyal M, Singh S, Bansal RC, Carbon Science., 5, 170 (2004)
Bangash FK, Manaf A, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 26, 111 (2004)
Lorenc-Grabowska E, Gryglewicz G, Dyes Pigm., 68, 1 (2006)
Namasivayam C, Kavitha D, Dyes Pigm., 54, 47 (2002)
Teng RL, Wu FC, Juang RS, Carbon., 41, 487 (2003)
Singh BK, Rawat NS, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 61(4), 307 (1994)
Wu FC, Tseng RL, Juang RS, J. Hazard. Mater., B69, 287 (1999)
Rajeshwarisivaraj, Sivakumar S, Senthilkumar P, Subburam V, Bioresour. Technol., 80(3), 233 (2001)
Tsai WT, Chang CY, Lin MC, Chien SF, Sun HF, Hsieh MF, Chemosphere., 45, 51 (2001)
Senthilkumaar S, Varadarajan PR, Porkodi K, Subbhuraam C, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 284(1), 78 (2005)
Avom J, Mbadcam JK, Noubactep C, Germain P, Carbon., 35, 365 (1997)
Yalcin N, Sevinc V, Carbon., 38, 1943 (2000)
El-Sheikh AH, Newman AP, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 71, 151 (2004)
Girgis BS, El-Hendawy AA, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 52, 105 (2002)
Aygun A, Yenisoy-Karakas S, Duman I, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 66, 189 (2003)
Hameed BH, Ahmad AL, Latiff KNA, Dyes Pigm., 75, 143 (2007)
Attia AA, Girgis BS, Fathy NA, Dyes Pigm., 76, 282 (2008)
Tan IAW, Ahmad AL, Hameed BH, Desalination, 225(1-3), 13 (2008)
Khaled A, El Nemr A, EI-Sikaily A, Abdelwahab A, Desalination, 238(1-3), 210 (2009)
El-Halwany MM, Desalination, 250(1), 208 (2010)
Sing KS, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 603 (1985)
Wang SB, Li L, Wu HW, Zhu ZH, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 292(2), 336 (2005)
Hameed BH, Mahmoud DK, Ahmad AL, J. Hazard. Mater., 158(1), 65 (2008)
Wong Y, Yu J, Water Res., 33, 3512 (1999)
Langmuir I, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 40, 1361 (1918)
Freundlich HMF, J. Phys. Chem., 57, 385 (1906)
Redlich O, Peterson DL, J. Phys. Chem., 63, 1024 (1959)
Koble RA, Corrigan TE, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 383 (1952)
Toth J, Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 69, 311 (1961)
Temkin MJ, Pyzhev V, Acta Physicochim. URSS., 12, 217 (1940)
Volesky B, Hydrometallurgy., 71, 179 (2003)
Dubinin MM, Radushkevich LV, Chem. Zentr., 1, 875 (1947)
Lagregren S, Kungl. Sven. Veten. Akad. Handl., 24, 1 (1898)
Ho YS, McKay G, Process Biochem., 34(5), 451 (1999)
Weber WJ, Morriss JJC, J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Proc. Am. Soc.Civ. Eng., 89, 31 (1963)

[Referenced By]

[1] Padmesh TVN, Vijayaraghavan K, Sekaran G, Velan M, Dyes Pigm., 71, 77 (2006)

[2] Ho YS, Chiang TH, Hsueh YM, Process Biochem., 40, 119 (2005)

[3] Reife A, Dyes, Environmental Chemistry, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Ed. Washington, John Wiley & Sons, 753 (1993)

[4] Pagga U, Braun D, Chemosphere., 15, 479 (1986)

[5] Vadivelan V, Kumar KV, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 286(1), 90 (2005)

[6] Garg VK, Amita M, Kumar R, Gupta R, Dyes Pigm., 63, 243 (2004)

[7] Sanghi R, Bhattacharya B, Color Technol., 118, 256 (2002)

[8] Meshko V, Markovska L, Mincheva M, Rodrigues AE, Water Res., 35, 3357 (2001)

[9] Malik PK, Dyes Pigm., 56, 239 (2003)

[10] Goyal M, Singh S, Bansal RC, Carbon Science., 5, 170 (2004)

[11] Bangash FK, Manaf A, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 26, 111 (2004)

[12] Lorenc-Grabowska E, Gryglewicz G, Dyes Pigm., 68, 1 (2006)

[13] Namasivayam C, Kavitha D, Dyes Pigm., 54, 47 (2002)

[14] Teng RL, Wu FC, Juang RS, Carbon., 41, 487 (2003)

[15] Singh BK, Rawat NS, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 61(4), 307 (1994)

[16] Wu FC, Tseng RL, Juang RS, J. Hazard. Mater., B69, 287 (1999)

[17] Rajeshwarisivaraj, Sivakumar S, Senthilkumar P, Subburam V, Bioresour. Technol., 80(3), 233 (2001)

[18] Tsai WT, Chang CY, Lin MC, Chien SF, Sun HF, Hsieh MF, Chemosphere., 45, 51 (2001)

[19] Senthilkumaar S, Varadarajan PR, Porkodi K, Subbhuraam C, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 284(1), 78 (2005)

[20] Avom J, Mbadcam JK, Noubactep C, Germain P, Carbon., 35, 365 (1997)

[21] Yalcin N, Sevinc V, Carbon., 38, 1943 (2000)

[22] El-Sheikh AH, Newman AP, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 71, 151 (2004)

[23] Girgis BS, El-Hendawy AA, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 52, 105 (2002)

[24] Aygun A, Yenisoy-Karakas S, Duman I, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater., 66, 189 (2003)

[25] Hameed BH, Ahmad AL, Latiff KNA, Dyes Pigm., 75, 143 (2007)

[26] Attia AA, Girgis BS, Fathy NA, Dyes Pigm., 76, 282 (2008)

[27] Tan IAW, Ahmad AL, Hameed BH, Desalination, 225(1-3), 13 (2008)

[28] Khaled A, El Nemr A, EI-Sikaily A, Abdelwahab A, Desalination, 238(1-3), 210 (2009)

[29] El-Halwany MM, Desalination, 250(1), 208 (2010)

[30] Sing KS, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 603 (1985)

[31] Wang SB, Li L, Wu HW, Zhu ZH, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 292(2), 336 (2005)

[32] Hameed BH, Mahmoud DK, Ahmad AL, J. Hazard. Mater., 158(1), 65 (2008)

[33] Wong Y, Yu J, Water Res., 33, 3512 (1999)

[34] Langmuir I, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 40, 1361 (1918)

[35] Freundlich HMF, J. Phys. Chem., 57, 385 (1906)

[36] Redlich O, Peterson DL, J. Phys. Chem., 63, 1024 (1959)

[37] Koble RA, Corrigan TE, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 383 (1952)

[38] Toth J, Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 69, 311 (1961)

[39] Temkin MJ, Pyzhev V, Acta Physicochim. URSS., 12, 217 (1940)

[40] Volesky B, Hydrometallurgy., 71, 179 (2003)

[41] Dubinin MM, Radushkevich LV, Chem. Zentr., 1, 875 (1947)

[42] Lagregren S, Kungl. Sven. Veten. Akad. Handl., 24, 1 (1898)

[43] Ho YS, McKay G, Process Biochem., 34(5), 451 (1999)

[44] Weber WJ, Morriss JJC, J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Proc. Am. Soc.Civ. Eng., 89, 31 (1963)