The role of bentonite particle size distribution on kinetic of cation exchange capacity

L. Karimi; A. Salem

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.17, No.1, 90-95, January, 2011

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The role of bentonite particle size distribution on kinetic of cation exchange capacity

L. Karimi, and A. Salem^†

Mineral Processing Technology Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran

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Natural bentonites are not fairly usable in processes where high cation exchange capacity is needed. In order to improve the cation exchange capacity of natural bentonite, alkali materials such as sodium carbonate are used in the activation process. Various factors affect the activation rate. One of the most important parameters that influence the kinetic of the activation process is particle size of starting raw materials. Therefore, in this study the effect of particle size distribution of starting material on sodium bentonite manufacturing was investigated in presence of sodium carbonate. The alkali treatment was isothermally carried out and the cation exchange capacity of activated clay was determined by methylene blue test. The values of activation energy and frequency factor, as number of active sites, were calculated. The kinetic results indicated that the activation mechanism in presence of sodium carbonate is controlled by density of active sites. The optimum activation time was computed for each condition, and FTIR, XRD and TG measurements were carried out to confirm qualitatively the kinetic results at optimum conditions.

Keywords:Bentonite;Cation exchange;Particle size

[References]

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Murray HH, Appl. Clay Sci., 17, 212 (2000)
Worral WE, Clays and Ceramics Raw Materials, 2nd edn., Elsevier Applied Science, p. 32. (1986)
Jozefaciuk G, Clays Clay Min., 50(5), 647 (2002)
Jozefaciuk G, Bowanko G, Clays Clay Min., 50(6), 771 (2002)
Komadel P, Clay Min., 38(1), 127 (2003)
Anirudhan TS, Suchithra PS, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16(1), 130 (2010)
Yildiz N, Calimli A, Sarikaya Y, Turk. J. Chem., 23(3), 309 (1999)
Beneke K, Lagaly G, ECGA., 513 (2003)
Hisarli G, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 281(1), 18 (2005)
Okwara CA, Osoka EC, J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 1(4), 526 (2006)
Grim RE, Applied Clay Mineralogy, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 63. (1962)
Hofmann U, Endell K, Wilm D, Kristallogr Z, Min. Petrogr. Abt. A., 86, 340 (1933)
Hofmann U, Bilke W, Kolloid Z., 77, 238 (1936)
Murton AE, Brit. Foundryman., 66, 51 (1973)
Al-Zahrani AA, Al-Shahrani SS, Al-Tawil YA, J. King. Univ., 13, 57 (2001)
Karimi L, M.Sc. Thesis, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran (2009)
Babaki H, Salem A, Jafarizad A, Mater. Chem. Phys., 108(2-3), 263 (2008)
Yildiz N, Calimli A, Turk. J. Chem., 26, 393 (2002)
Gonzalez JDI, Deitz VR, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 48, 325 (1952)
Karuiki PC, Vandermeer F, Verhoef PNW, Int. J., 24, 161 (2002)
Kahr G, Madsen FT, Appl. Clay Sci., 9, 327 (1995)
Radojevic Z, Mitrovic A, J. Euro. Ceram. Soc., 27, 1691 (2007)
Qtaitat MA, Al-Trawneh IN, Spec. Chem. Acta A., 61, 1519 (2005)

[1] Grim RE, International Series in the Earth Sciences, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 12. (1968)

[2] Murray HH, Appl. Clay Sci., 17, 212 (2000)

[3] Worral WE, Clays and Ceramics Raw Materials, 2nd edn., Elsevier Applied Science, p. 32. (1986)

[4] Jozefaciuk G, Clays Clay Min., 50(5), 647 (2002)

[5] Jozefaciuk G, Bowanko G, Clays Clay Min., 50(6), 771 (2002)

[6] Komadel P, Clay Min., 38(1), 127 (2003)

[7] Anirudhan TS, Suchithra PS, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16(1), 130 (2010)

[8] Yildiz N, Calimli A, Sarikaya Y, Turk. J. Chem., 23(3), 309 (1999)

[9] Beneke K, Lagaly G, ECGA., 513 (2003)

[10] Hisarli G, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 281(1), 18 (2005)

[11] Okwara CA, Osoka EC, J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 1(4), 526 (2006)

[12] Grim RE, Applied Clay Mineralogy, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 63. (1962)

[13] Hofmann U, Endell K, Wilm D, Kristallogr Z, Min. Petrogr. Abt. A., 86, 340 (1933)

[14] Hofmann U, Bilke W, Kolloid Z., 77, 238 (1936)

[15] Murton AE, Brit. Foundryman., 66, 51 (1973)

[16] Al-Zahrani AA, Al-Shahrani SS, Al-Tawil YA, J. King. Univ., 13, 57 (2001)

[17] Karimi L, M.Sc. Thesis, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran (2009)

[18] Babaki H, Salem A, Jafarizad A, Mater. Chem. Phys., 108(2-3), 263 (2008)

[19] Yildiz N, Calimli A, Turk. J. Chem., 26, 393 (2002)

[20] Gonzalez JDI, Deitz VR, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., 48, 325 (1952)

[21] Karuiki PC, Vandermeer F, Verhoef PNW, Int. J., 24, 161 (2002)

[22] Kahr G, Madsen FT, Appl. Clay Sci., 9, 327 (1995)

[23] Radojevic Z, Mitrovic A, J. Euro. Ceram. Soc., 27, 1691 (2007)

[24] Qtaitat MA, Al-Trawneh IN, Spec. Chem. Acta A., 61, 1519 (2005)