This paper investigates the measurement of moisture content in municipal solid waste using two different indirect techniques: neutron scattering and time-domain reflectometry (TDR). Therefore, six laboratory-scale landfill bioreactors were instrumented with both neutron and TDR probes: in addition to that a gravimetric moisture balance was established for each cell. Different leachate recirculation modes were applied to perform different wetting conditions. In a first step, both probes were calibrated based on the water balance from three cells presenting homogeneous water distributions and sufficient temporal moisture variations. The calibration functions were then used for temporal and spatial moisture monitoring of all six cells. The results show that both methods are sensitive to moisture variations and provide interesting information on the complexity of vertical flows within the municipal solid waste. Nevertheless, it appears that neutron scattering offers better accuracy at the laboratory scale. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.