Co-adsorption of norfloxacin (Nor) and Cu(II) on montmorillonite at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 9.0 was studied by integrated batch adsorption experiments and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Under such pH conditions the dominant species of Nor are cation (Nor(+)), zwitterion (Nor(+/-)), and anion (Nor(-)), respectively. Results indicated that Nor sorption decreased with an increase of solution pH. The presence of Cu(II) slightly suppressed the Nor(+) sorption at pH 4.5, while increased Nor(+/-) and Nor(-)sorption on montmorillonite at pH 7.0 and 9.0, respectively. In contrast, Nor increased Cu(II) adsorption at pH 4.5, but had little effect on the adsorption of Cu(II) on montmorillonite at pH 7.0 and 9.0. Spectroscopic results showed that, at pH 4.5, Nor(+) was sorbed on montmorillonite by the formation of outer-sphere montmorillonite-Nor-Cu(II) ternary surface complex. At pH 7.0, montmorillonite-Nor-Cu(II) and montmorillonite-Cu(II)-Nor ternary surface complexes co-exist. At pH 9.0, montmorillonite-Cu(II)-Nor ternary surface complex was likely formed, which was different to Cu(II)(Nor)(2) precipitate of the solution. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.