Large single crystals of NbP have been prepared. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study shows that it crystallizes in tetragonal symmetry with space group I4(l)md (No. 109) and lattice parameters a = 3.3324(2) Angstrom, c = 11.3705(7) Angstrom, and Z = 4. A full matrix least-squares refinement based on a unique data set of 285 reflections (I > 2 sigma(I)) yielded R(F) = 0.017 and R(w)(F-2) = 0.046 for nine variables. The unit cell consists of one unique Nb and one P, each in trigonal prismatic coordination with the other element. There are two short and four long bond distances of Nb-P. The Nb-Nb bond distances are significantly shorter than R(c) = 4.09 Angstrom, the critical distance required for good Nb-Nb 4d orbital overlap for niobium metal-metal bonds. NbP shows metallic behavior with rho = 4.5 x 10(-5) Omega cm at room temperature. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on a collection of randomly oriented single crystals indicate very weak Pauli paramagnetism (similar to 10(-5) emu/mol). A discussion of the structure as well as the physical properties of NbP compared with those of previous results are presented. The band structure of NbP based on the extended Huckel (tight-binding) calculations is presented along with an, analysis that reveals that the valence band is built up from three center bonds localized within Nb-3 triangles.