Peptide Self-Assembly for Lithium Ion Batteries: Nanostructures of transition metal phosphates were fabricated through biomimetic mineralization of self-assembled peptide hydrogel nanofibers. FePO4-mineralized peptide nanofibers were readily converted to carbon-coated FePO4 nanotubes after heat treatment and exhibited a high and reversible charge/discharge capacity as Lithium Ion battery cathode.