Faithful transcriptome regulation is important in development and also crucial for applications in reproductive and regenerative medicine. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), one of the human assisted reproductive technologies (ART), has long raised concerns about its influence on development. No clear consensus has been reached, however, in spite of many cohort studies carried out in the last two decades on the children conceived by ICSI and/or in vitro fertilization (IVF). In this study, the pre- and postnatal effects of ICSI were assessed using comprehensive transcriptome and phenotypic analyses in mice under strict conditions. Here we demonstrate that, in contrast to IVF, ICSI induces distinct long-lasting transcriptome change that remains at the neonatal stage. Importantly, no remarkable differences were observed in the ICSI adults in either the gene expression or phenotypic profiles, and there was no indication of transmission to the next generation via natural mating. Our results suggest there are no lifelong or transgenerational effects of ICSI, but the ICSI effects during neonatal period remain to be evaluated. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.