Steam treatment is a hygrothermal method of potential industrial significance for improving the dimensional stability and durability of wood materials. The steaming results in different chemical and micromechanical changes in the nanostructured biocomposite that comprise a wood cell wall. In this study, spruce wood (Picea abies Karst.) that had been subjected to high-temperature steaming up to 180 degrees C was examined, using imaging Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) microscopy and nanoindentation to track changes in the chemical structure and the micromechanical properties of the secondary cell wall. Similar changes in the chemical components, due to the steam treatment, were found in earlywood and latewood. A progressive degradation of the carbonyl groups in the glucuronic acid unit of xylan and a loss of mannose units in the glucomannan backbone, that is, a degradation of glucomannan, together with a loss of the C=O group linked to the aromatic skeleton in lignin, was found. The development of the hygroscopic and micromechanical properties that occurred with an elevation in the steam temperature correlated well with this pattern of degradation in the constituents in the biocomposite matrix in the cell wall (hemicellulose and lignin).