In this review, we highlight many recent developments in nanotechnology of critical relevance to microbial bioenergy synthesis. Nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanofibres, and nanoporous materials, are each being utilised in powerful ways as tools for feedstock processing, genetic engineering, and biofuel harvesting, as well as in bioelectrochemical systems. As materials and techniques continue to mature, nanomaterials will become a truly integral part of the bioenergy sector. Sustainable bioenergy production will ultimately be achieved through interdisciplinary efforts that continue to bridge the gap between these traditionally distinct fields of study.