This paper presents the synthesis of water-dissolvable Na2SO4 nanowires and nanorods by a simple chemical reaction between CuSO4 and NaBH4 in ethylene glycol. By adjusting the pH and the monomer concentration, the aspect ratio and size of the Na2SO4 nanowires could be tuned. Na2SO4 nanorods, nanowhiskers, nanowires, and submicrorods were obtained. Optimal chemical potential is believed to be the dominant driving force for the growth of Na2SO4 nanowires during the synthesis. We also demonstrated the Na2SO4 nanotubes obtained by the electron beam radiolysis of Na2SO4 nanowires. The mechanism of selective radiolysis is also investigated.