In this paper we describe the first example of the in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the presence of a water-soluble conjugated polyfluorene (NPF) presenting pendent ammonium groups, with the polymer acting as an aqueous surfactant and providing fluorescent nanoreactors. Using this approach, we produced well-dispersed NPF-AuNP nanocomposites without the need for any additional reducing agents. The photoluminescence emission intensity of NPF-AuNP nanocomposite solution was quenched to a greater extent upon increasing the concentration of AuNPs, presumably through energy transfer or electron transfer from the fluorescent polymer to the metal nanoparticles. Through variations in the degrees of protonation and deprotonation of the amino groups of NPF at different values of pH, we found that the extent of quenching of AuNPs in NPF-AuNP nanocomposite solutions was directly related to the adsorption and desorption behavior of NPF on the metal surfaces. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the greatest aggregation of AuNPs in the nanocomposite solution occurred at pH 3. suggesting that the ammonium groups (RNMe2 at pH 8.5; RNMe2H+ at pH 3) of the polymer side chains adsorbed onto the AuNP surfaces under these conditions. Distinct time-resolved fluorescence signals of the AuNP-quenched NPF polymers at different values of pH confirmed the interactions between these species. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.