Previously, we demonstrated that disruption of polyubiquitin gene Ubb leads to hypothalamic neurodegeneration and metabolic abnormalities associated with hypothalamic dysfunction. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that defects in other brain regions where Ubb is highly expressed may also contribute to the phenotypes exhibited by Ubb(-/-) mice. Upon searching for such brain regions, we identified a region in the brainstem called the locus coeruleus where both polyubiquitin genes Ubb and Ubc were highly expressed. In contrast to other brain regions, Ubc was significantly upregulated in the locus coeruleus of Ubb(-/-) mice presumably to compensate for loss of Ubb, and this upregulation was sufficient to maintain levels of free Ub, but not total Ub, in the locus coeruleus. However, in the hypothalamus of Ubb(-/-) mice, both free and total Ub levels significantly decreased. This discrepancy resulted in completely different phenotypic outcomes between the two different brain regions. While we have reported dysfunction and degeneration of hypothalamic neurons in adult Ubb(-/-) mice, there were no signs of functional impairment or degeneration in the locus coeruleus neurons, suggesting that the maintenance of free lib above threshold levels could be an important mechanism for neuronal protection. Accordingly, we propose that, upon stress induced by disruption of Ubb, neuronal vulnerability may be determined based on the ability of neurons or neighboring cells to maintain free Ub levels for the protection of neuronal function and survival. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.