The reductive biotransformation of alpha-, beta-, gamma, and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane isomers was investigated using five alternative electron donors (i.e., glucose plus rnethanol, glucose only, methanol only, acetate, and ethanol) in a batch assay of an HCH-dechlorinating anaerobic culture. In addition, a life cycle assessment was conducted using the IMPACT2002+ method to evaluate the environmental effects of HCH bioremediation with the aforementioned electron donors. Results showed that the electron donors methanol plus glucose, ethanol, glucose, and methanol can significantly enhance the biotransformation of each HCH isomer. However, the amended electron donors and the byproduct of the anoxic/anaerobic systems may negatively affect the environment (e.g., respiratory inorganic, land occupation, global warming, and non-renewable energy categories). These effects are attributed to the electron donor production processes. To avoid secondary pollutants, a linear relationship between the upper bound electron donor applications and HCH concentration was observed from an environmental perspective. Results indicated that the methanol scenario was the most suitable option for the current research. (C) 2012, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.