Applied Energy, Vol.86, No.4, 575-577, 2009
On the dynamics of energy consumption and output in the US
This note employs US annual data from 1949 to 2006 to compare the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and real GDP, respectively. Given the sample size of the study, the Toda-Yamamoto causality tests reveal the absence of Granger-causality between renewable or non-renewable energy consumption and real GDP which supports the neutrality hypothesis. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.