Slurries obtained from process streams in a starch-to-ethanol plant, Agroetanol AB in Norrkoping, Sweden, were used to assess the potential increase in bioethanol yield if heat treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis were applied to the residual starch-free cellulose and hemicellulose fractions. The effects of different pretreatment conditions on flour (the raw material), the stream after saccharification of starch, before fermentation, and after fermentation were studied. The conditions resulting in the highest concentration of glucose and xylose in all streams were heat treatment at 130 degrees C for 40 min with 1& H2SO4. Mass-balance calculations over the fermentation showed that approximately 64%, 54%, 75%, and 67%, of the glucan, xylan, galactan and arabinan, respectively, in the flour remained water insoluble in the process stream after fermentation without any additional treatment. Utilizing only the starch in the flour would theoretically yield 425 L ethanol per toil flour. By applying heat pretreatment to the water-in soluble material prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, the ethanol yield could be increased by 59 L per toil flour, i.e. a 14% increase compared with starch-only utilization, assuming fermentation of the additional pentose and hexose sugars liberated. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.