This research investigated the calcium effect on the anaerobic treatment of fresh leachate in an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) bioreactor under mesophilic conditions. The observations show that the bioreactor, inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge, can be started up only in about 40 days for the treatment of calcium-containing fresh leachate with chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency above 90% and organic loading rate up to 72.84 kg COD/m(3) day. The calcium accumulation onto the granules was monotonically related to the calcium concentration, accounting for 17-18 wt.% of Ca in the suspended solid in the form of calcium carbonate, phosphates/phosphonates and carboxylates. The mineral formation significantly increased the granule settling velocity (by similar to 50%) and the suspended solid concentration (by similar to 100%). However, the effect of calcium precipitation on the specific methanogenic activity and the CH(4) production rate was complex, first positive during the start-up but later on negative. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.