Five different mesophilic systems were evaluated in this study for the anaerobic treatment of food waste. Systems A and B were one stage methane with unsonicated and sonicated feeds, respectively, while, systems C and D were two-stage hydrogen and methane with unsonicated and sonicated feeds, respectively. System E comprised a novel sonicated biological hydrogen reactor (SBHR) followed by methane reactor. The results showed that sonication inside the reactor in the first stage (system E) showed superior results compared to all other systems. Overall VSS removal efficiencies of 67%, 59%, 51%, 44%, and 36% were achieved in systems E, D, C, B, and A, respectively. Volumetric hydrogen production rates of 4.8, 3.3, and 2.6 L H(2)/L(reactor) d were achieved in the SBHR. CSTR with and without sonicated feed, respectively, while, methane production rates of 1.6, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, and 3.2 L CH(4)/L(reactor) d were achieved in systems A-E, respectively. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.