The conversion of primary energy from natural sources and the subsequent utilisation of secondary forms of energy are basically related to the development of our society with its continuous change of requirements. Consequently the consumption of primary energy resources rose drastically especially during the last five decades. However, the increasing awareness of environment pollution from the use of, e.g. fossil fuels, the limitation of the availability of such sources as well as market considerations and costs forces governments to re-orientate their energy policy in order to ensure a sustainable supply for the future of their societies. The paper will start with an overview of the energy market development in general and by comparing certain key areas in the world. In particular, the situation in Europe will be discussed and the consequences for political actions and technological needs for the future energy supply will be highlighted. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.