화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.21, 11-25, January, 2015
DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2014.03.022  Export Citation
A review on carbon nanotubes and graphene as fillers in reinforced polymer nanocomposites
Garima Mittal, Vivek Dhand, Kyong Yop Rhee†, Soo-Jin Park1, †, and Wi Ro Lee2
  • Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
  • 1Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
  • 2Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, Gwacheon, Republic of Korea
E-mail:,
Recently, carbonaceous nanofillers such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) play a promising role due to their better structural, functional properties and broad range of applications in every field. This paper reviews the synthesis and properties of CNTs along with the use of graphene as a novel substitution to the nanotubes as fillers. This review also focuses on the issues related to the processing, dispersion and alignment of CNT within nanocomposites. Furthermore a comparative analysis has been carried out between the importance of graphene and carbon nanotubes as fillers and their substantial changes in mechanical and electrical properties of matrix.
Keywords:Nanocomposites;Carbon nanotubes;Graphene;Polymer;Processing;Dispersion
  1. Kurahatti RV, Surendranathan AO, Kori SA, Singh N, Kumar AVR, Srivastava S, Def. Sci. J., 60, 551 (2010)
  2. Das CK, Sudhakar CV, J. Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 2, 368 (2012)
  3. Lee JH, Marroquin J, Rhee KY, Park SJ, Hui D, Composites Part B, 45, 682 (2013)
  4. Zhang L, Shi C, Rhee KY, Zhao N, Composites Part A, 43, 2241 (2012)
  5. Hule RA, Pochan DJ, MRS Bull., 32, 354 (2007)
  6. Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau CN, Nano. Lett., 8, 902 (2008)
  7. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J, Science, 321, 385 (2008)
  8. Stoller MD, Park S, Zhu Y, An J, Ruoff RS, Nano Lett., 8, 3498 (2008)
  9. Treacy MMJ, Ebbesen TW, Gibson TM, Nature, 381, 680 (1996)
  10. Ebbesen TW, Lezec HJ, Hiura H, Bennett JW, Ghaemi HF, Thio T, Nature, 382(6586), 54 (1996)
  11. Minus ML, Song K, Zhang Y, Meng J, Green EC, Tajaddod N, Li H, Materials, 6, 2543 (2013)
  12. Agarwal A, Bakshi SR, Lahiri D, Int. Mater. Rev., 55, 41 (2010)
  13. Endo M, Hayashi T, Kim YA, Terrones M, Dresselhaus MS, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 362, 2223 (2004)
  14. Ma Y, Cheung W, Wei D, Bogozi A, Chiu PL, Wang L, Pontoriero F, Mendelsohn R, He H, ACS Nano, 2, 1197 (2008)
  15. De Volder MFL, Tawfick SH, Baughman RH, Hart AJ, Science, 339(6119), 535 (2013)
  16. Qian D, Dickey EC, Andrews R, Rantell T, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 2868 (2000)
  17. Biercuk MJ, Llaguno MC, Radosavljevic M, Hyun JK, Johnson AT, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 2767 (2002)
  18. Allaoui A, Baia S, Cheng HM, Baia JB, Compos. Sci. Technol., 62, 1993 (2002)
  19. Iijima S, Nature, 354, 56 (1991)
  20. Ajayan PM, Stephan O, Colliex C, Trauth D, Science, 265(5176), 1212 (1994)
  21. Thostenson ET, Ren ZF, Chou TW, Compos. Sci. Technol., 61, 1899 (2001)
  22. Terrones M, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 33, 419 (2003)
  23. Iijima S, Ichihashi T, Nat, 363, 603 (1993)
  24. Mubarak NM, Abdullah EC, Jayakumar NS, Sahu JN, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.001. (2013)
  25. Ying LS, Salleh MAM, Yusoff HBM, Rashid SBA, Razak JBA, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 17, 367 (2013)
  26. Ebbesen TW, Ajayan PM, Nature, 358, 220 (1992)
  27. Taylor GH, Fitzgerald JD, Pang L, Wilson MA, J. Cryst. Growth, 135, 157 (1994)
  28. Cui S, Scharff P, Siegmund C, Schneider D, Risch K, Klotzer S, Spiess L, Romanus H, Schawohl J, J. Carbon, 42, 931 (2004)
  29. Yokomichi H, Matoba M, Sakima H, Ichihara M, Sakai F, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 37, 6492 (1998)
  30. Shimotani K, Anazawa K, Watanabe H, Shimizu M, Appl. Phys. A, 73, 451 (2001)
  31. Guo T, Nikolaev P, Thess A, Colbert DT, Smalley RE, Chem. Phys. Lett., 243, 49 (1995)
  32. Thess A, Lee R, Nikolaev P, Dai HJ, Petit P, Robert J, Xu CH, Lee YH, Kim SG, Rinzler AG, Colbert DT, Scuseria GE, Tomanek D, Fischer JE, Smalley RE, Science, 273(5274), 483 (1996)
  33. Dai H, Surf. Sci., 500, 218 (2002)
  34. Kumar M, Ando Y, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 10, 3739 (2010)
  35. Zhao Q, Jiang T, Li C, Yin H, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 17(2), 218 (2011)
  36. Govindaraj A, Rao CNR, Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 1571 (2002)
  37. Ren ZF, Huang ZP, Xu JW, Wang JH, Bush P, Siegal MP, Provencio PN, Science, 282(5391), 1105 (1998)
  38. Lan M, Fan G, Chen Q, Li F, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.07.042. (2013)
  39. Lee KY, Yeoh WM, Chai SP, Ichikawa S, Mohamed AR, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 18(4), 1504 (2012)
  40. Kim JS, Jang YW, Im IT, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 19(5), 1501 (2013)
  41. Thostenson TE, Ren Z, Chou TW, Compos. Sci. Technol., 61, 1899 (2001)
  42. Lourie O, Wagner HD, J. Mater. Res., 13, 2418 (1998)
  43. Yu MF, Files BS, Arepalli S, Ruoff RS, Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 5552 (2000)
  44. Yu MF, Lourie O, Dyer MJ, Moloni K, Kelly TF, Ruoff RS, Science, 287, 637 (2000)
  45. Ageev OA, Ilin OI, Kolomiitsev AS, Konoplev BG, Rubashkina MV, Smirnov VA, Fedotov AA, Ross. Nanotekhnol., 7, 47 (2012)
  46. Yakobson BI, Brabec CJ, Bernholc J, Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 2511 (1996)
  47. Overney G, Zhong W, Tomanek D, Fur Phys Z, D Atoms Mol. Clust., 27, 93 (1993)
  48. Mintmire JW, Dunlap BI, White CT, Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 631 (1992)
  49. Hamada N, Sawada S, Oshiyama A, Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 1579 (1992)
  50. Tans SJ, Devoret MH, Dai HJ, Thess A, Smalley RE, Geerligs LJ, Dekker C, Nature, 386(6624), 474 (1997)
  51. Odom TW, Huang JL, Kim P, Lieber CM, Nature, 391(6662), 62 (1998)
  52. Charlier JC, Issi JP, J. Phys. Chem. Sol., 57, 957 (1996)
  53. Dai HJ, Wong EW, Lieber CM, Science, 272(5261), 523 (1996)
  54. Berber S, Kwon Y, Tomanek D, Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 4613 (2000)
  55. Hone J, Whitney M, Piskoti C, Zettl A, Phys. Rev. B, 59, 2514 (1999)
  56. Kataura H, Kumazawa Y, Maniwa Y, Umezu I, Suzuki S, Ohtsuka Y, Achiba Y, Synth. Met., 103, 2555 (1999)
  57. Du FM, Fischer JE, Winey KI, J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 41(24), 3333 (2003)
  58. Shaffer MSP, Windle AH, Adv. Mater., 11(11), 937 (1999)
  59. Safadi B, Andrews R, Grulke EA, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 84(14), 2660 (2002)
  60. Jang J, Bae J, Yoon SH, J. Mater. Chem., 13, 676 (2003)
  61. Gong X, Liu J, Baskaran S, Voise RD, Young S, Chem. Mater., 12, 1049 (2000)
  62. Cui S, Canet R, Derre A, Carbon, 41, 797 (2003)
  63. Sen R, Zhao B, Perea D, Nano Lett., 4, 459 (2004)
  64. Dror Y, Salalha W, Khalfin RL, Cohen Y, Yarin AL, Zussman E, Langmuir, 19(17), 7012 (2003)
  65. Andrews R, Jacques D, Qian D, Acc. Chem. Res., 35, 1008 (2002)
  66. Hill DE, Lin Y, Rao AM, Allard LF, Sun YP, Macromolecules, 35(25), 9466 (2002)
  67. Potschke P, Bhattacharyya AR, Janke A, Eur. Polym. J., 40, 137 (2004)
  68. Kim JY, Kim SH, J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 44(7), 1062 (2006)
  69. Haggenmueller H, Zhou W, Fischer JE, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 3, 105 (2003)
  70. Cooper CA, Ravich D, Lips D, Mayer J, Wagner HD, Compos. Sci. Technol., 62, 1105 (2002)
  71. Moniruzzaman M, Winey KI, Macromolecules, 39(16), 5194 (2006)
  72. Sandler JKW, Pegel S, Cadek M, Gojny F, van Es M, Lohmar J, Blau WJ, Schulte K, Windle AH, Shaffer MSP, Polymer, 45(6), 2001 (2004)
  73. Kearns JC, Shambaugh RL, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 86(8), 2079 (2002)
  74. Kim ST, Choi HJ, Hong SM, Colloid Polym. Sci., 285, 593 (2007)
  75. Yoo JH, Jung YC, Sahoo NG, J. Macromol. Sci. B, 45, 441 (2006)
  76. Wu TM, Lin SH, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 44(21), 6449 (2006)
  77. Kang M, Myung SJ, Jin HJ, Polymer, 47(11), 3961 (2006)
  78. Liu Z, Yu M, Wang J, Li F, Cheng L, Guo J, Huang Q, Zhou Y, Yi J, Liu Y, Yang W, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.08.034. (2013)
  79. Haggenmueller R, Du F, Fischer JE, Nano Lett., 7, 1178 (2007)
  80. Moisala A, Li Q, Kinloch IA, Windle AH, Compos. Sci. Technol., 66, 1285 (2006)
  81. Li XD, Gao HS, Scrivens WA, Nanotechnology, 15, 1416 (2004)
  82. Ma PC, Tang BZ, Kim JK, Carbon, 46, 1497 (2008)
  83. Martin CA, Sandler JKW, Windle AH, Schwarz MK, Bauhofer W, Schulte K, Shaffer MSP, Polymer, 46(3), 877 (2005)
  84. Ma PC, Siddiqui AN, Marom G, Kim KJ, Composites Part A, 41, 1345 (2010)
  85. Ebbesen TW, Ajayan PM, Hiura H, Tanigaki K, Nature, 367(6463), 519 (1994)
  86. Ajayan PM, Ebbesen TW, Ichihashi T, Iijima S, Tanigaki K, Hiura H, Nature, 362, 522 (1993)
  87. Hou P, Liu C, Tong Y, Xu S, Liu M, Chenga H, J. Mater. Res., 16, 2526 (2001)
  88. Schulte K, Gojny FH, Fiedler B, Sandler JKW, Bauhofer W, Polymer Composites, Springer, US, 2005p. 3.
  89. Tchoul MN, Ford WT, Lolli G, Resasco DE, Arepalli S, Chem. Mater., 19, 5765 (2007)
  90. Canete-Rosales P, Ortega V, Alvarez-Lueje A, Bollo S, Gonzalez M, Anson A, Martinez MT, Electrochim. Acta, 62, 163 (2012)
  91. Hussain S, Jha P, Chouksey A, Raman R, Islam SS, Islam T, Choudhary PK, Harsh, J. Modern Phys., 2, 538 (2011)
  92. Kahattha C, Woointranont P, Chodjarusawad T, Pecharapa W, J. Microsc. Soc. Thail., 24, 133 (2010)
  93. Olejnik R, Slobodian P, Riha P, Saha P, J. Mater. Sci. Res., 1, 101 (2012)
  94. Feng Y, Zhang H, Hou Y, McNicholas TP, Yuan D, Yang S, Ding L, Feng W, Liu J, ACS Nano, 2, 1634 (2008)
  95. Lee JM, Kim SJ, Kim JW, Kang PH, Nho YC, Lee YS, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 15(1), 66 (2009)
  96. Khabashesku VN, Billups WE, Margrave JL, Acc. Chem. Res., 35, 1087 (2002)
  97. Holzinger M, Vostrowsky O, Hirsch A, Hennrich F, Kappes M, Weiss R, Jellen F, Angew. Chem., 40, 4002 (2001)
  98. Hu H, Zhao B, Hamon MA, Kamaras K, Itkis ME, Haddon RC, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125(48), 14893 (2003)
  99. Holzinger M, Abraha J, Whelan P, Graupner R, Ley L, Hennrich F, Kappes M, Hirsch A, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125(28), 8566 (2003)
  100. Ying Y, Saini RK, Liang F, Sadana AK, Billups WE, Org. Lett., 5, 1471 (2003)
  101. Guo G, Wu L, Wang C, J. Fang. Prog. Chem., 21, 2084 (2009)
  102. Abbaszadeh F, Moradi O, Norouzi M, Sabzevari O, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.11.025. (2013)
  103. Tagmatarchis N, Prato M, J. Mater. Chem., 14, 437 (2004)
  104. Vazquez E, Prato M, Pure Appl. Chem., 82, 853 (2010)
  105. Menard-Moyon C, Izard N, Doris E, Mioskowski C, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128(20), 6552 (2006)
  106. Steuerman DW, Star A, Narizzano R, Choi H, Ries RS, Nicolini C, Stoddart JF, Heath JR, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106(12), 3124 (2002)
  107. Hsiao A, Tsai S, Hsu M, Chang S, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 7, 240 (2012)
  108. Li L, Nicholas RJ, Chen C, Darton RC, Baker SC, Nanotechnology, 16, 202 (2005)
  109. Simmons TJ, Hashim D, Vajtai R, Ajayan PM, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129(33), 10088 (2007)
  110. Tummala NR, Striolo A, ACS Nano, 3, 595 (2009)
  111. Datsyuk V, Landois P, Fitremann J, Peigney A, Galibert AM, Soula B, Flahaut E, J. Mater. Chem., 19, 2729 (2009)
  112. Xin H, Woolley AT, Nanotechnology, 16, 2238 (2005)
  113. Chen RJ, Zhan YG, Wang DW, Dai HJ, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123(16), 3838 (2001)
  114. Chen J, Hamon MA, Hu H, Chen YS, Rao AM, Eklund PC, Haddon RC, Science, 282, 95 (1998)
  115. Monthioux M, Smith BW, Burteaux B, Claye A, Fischer JE, Luzzi DE, Carbon, 39, 1251 (2001)
  116. Song K, Zhang Y, Meng J, Green EC, Tajaddod N, Li H, Minus ML, Materials, 6, 2543 (2013)
  117. Schadler L, Nat. Mater., 6(4), 257 (2007)
  118. Cadek M, Coleman JN, Barron V, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 5123 (2002)
  119. Woo DK, Kim BC, Lee SJ, Korea-Aust. Rheol. J., 21(3), 185 (2009)
  120. Andrews R, Jacques D, Minot M, Rantell T, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 287, 395 (2002)
  121. Potschke P, Bhattacharyya AR, Janke A, Pegel S, Leonhardt A, Taschner C, Ritschel M, Roth S, Hornbostel B, Fuller. Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct., 13, 211 (2005)
  122. Kim M, Park YB, Okoli OI, Zhang C, Compos. Sci. Technol., 69, 335 (2009)
  123. Zhao Q, Shen Y, Ji M, Zhang L, Jiang T, Li C, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(2), 544 (2014)
  124. Chen L, Pang XJ, Yu ZL, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 457, 287 (2007)
  125. Kosmidou TV, Vatalis AS, Delides CG, Logakis E, Pissis P, Papanicolaou GC, eXPRESS Polym. Lett., 2, 364 (2008)
  126. Ma PC, Kim JK, Tang BZ, Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, 2965 (2007)
  127. Santos CV, Hernandez ALM, Fisher FT, Ruoff R, Castan VM, Chem. Mater., 15, 4470 (2003)
  128. Fukushima T, Kosaka A, Yamamoto Y, Aimiya T, Notazawa S, Takigawa T, Inabe T, Aida T, Small, 2, 554 (2006)
  129. Jiang B, Liu C, Zhang C, Wang B, Wang Z, Composites Part B, 38, 24 (2007)
  130. Chae HG, Minus ML, Kumar S, Polymer, 47(10), 3494 (2006)
  131. Haggenmueller R, Gommans HH, Rinzler AG, Fischer JE, Winey KI, Chem. Phys. Lett., 330(3-4), 219 (2000)
  132. Park SM, Lim YW, Kim CH, Kim DJ, Moon WJ, Kim JH, Lee JS, Hong CK, Seo G, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 19(2), 712 (2013)
  133. Grossiord N, Loos J, Regev O, Koning CE, Chem. Mater., 18, 1089 (2006)
  134. Zhang W, Dehghani-Sanij AA, Blackburn RS, J. Mater. Sci., 42(10), 3408 (2007)
  135. Bauhofer W, Kovacs JZ, Compos. Sci. Technol., 69, 1486 (2009)
  136. Mohanraj GT, Chaki TK, Chakraborty A, Khastgir D, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 92(4), 2179 (2004)
  137. Sandler JKW, Kirk JE, Kinloch IA, Shaffer MSP, Windle AH, Polymer, 44(19), 5893 (2003)
  138. Li J, Kim JK, Sham ML, Marom G, Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, 296 (2007)
  139. Souier T, Santos S, Ghaferi AA, Stefancich M, Chiesa M, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 7, 630 (2012)
  140. Souier T, Stefancich M, Chiesa M, Nanotechnology, 23(40), 405704 (2012)
  141. Zhang Q, Rastogi S, Chen D, Lippits D, Lemstra PJ, Carbon, 44, 778 (2006)
  142. Li HC, Lu SY, Syue SH, Hsu WK, Chang SC, Appl. Phys. Lett., 93, 033104 (2008)
  143. Aguilar JO, Quijano JRB, Aviles F, eXPRESS Polym. Lett., 4, 292 (2010)
  144. He XJ, Du JH, Ying Z, Chenga HM, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 062112 (2005)
  145. Sulong AB, Muhamad N, Sahari J, Ramli R, Deros BM, Eur. J. Sci. Res., 29, 13 (2009)
  146. Connolly T, Smith RC, Hernandez Y, Gunko Y, Coleman JN, Carey JD, Small, 5, 826 (2009)
  147. Jin YW, Jung JE, Park YJ, Choi JH, Jung DS, Lee HW, Park SH, Lee NS, Kim JM, Ko TY, Lee SJ, Hwang SY, You JH, Yoo JB, Park CY, J. Appl. Phys., 92, 1065 (2002)
  148. Gupta ND, Maity S, Chattopadhyay KK, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.11.067 (2013)
  149. Lee I, Lee S, Kim H, Lee H, Kim Y, Open Phys. Chem. J., 4, 1 (2010)
  150. Sibinski M, Jakubowska A, Znajdek K, Sloma M, Guzowski B, Opt. Appl., 375 (2011)
  151. Dinca I, Ban C, Stefan A, Pelin G, INCAS Bull., 4, 73 (2012)
  152. Al-Saleh MH, Sundararaj U, Carbon, 47, 1738 (2009)
  153. Kim YY, Yun J, Kim HI, Lee YS, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 18(1), 392 (2012)
  154. Jeon H, Park J, Shon M, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 19(3), 849 (2013)
  155. Lee SK, Bai BC, Im JS, In SJ, Lee YS, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16(6), 891 (2010)
  156. Jin MH, Feng XJ, Feng L, Sun TL, Zhai J, Li TJ, Jiang L, Adv. Mater., 17(16), 1977 (2005)
  157. Ansari MO, Ansari SP, Yadav SK, Anwer T, Cho MH, Mohammad F, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.024. (2013)
  158. Sattari S, Reyhani A, Khanlari MR, Khabazian M, Heydari HJ, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.08.029. (2013)
  159. Rajabi Z, Moghadassi AR, Hosseini SM, Mohammadi M, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 19(1), 347 (2013)
  160. Khan A, Khan AAP, Asiri AM, Rub MA, Azum N, Khan SB, Marwani HM, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.10.005. (2013)
  161. Dhand V, Rhee KY, Kim HJ, Jung DH, J. Nanomater., 14 (2013)
  162. Potts JR, Dreyer DR, Bielawski CW, Ruoff RS, Polymer, 52(1), 5 (2011)
  163. Liu WW, Chai SP, Mohamed AR, Hashim U, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.08.028. (2013)
  164. Chen G, Weng W, Wu D, Wu C, Lu J, Wang P, Chen X, Carbon, 42, 753 (2004)
  165. Basu S, Bhattacharyya P, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 173, 1 (2012)
  166. Singh V, Joung D, Zhai L, Das S, Khondaker SI, Seal S, Prog. Mater. Sci., 56(8), 1178 (2011)
  167. Goenka S, Sant V, Sant S, J. Controlled Release, 173, 75 (2014)
  168. Kong HX, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 17, 31 (2013)
  169. Tkalya EE, Ghislandi M, With G, Koning CE, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 17, 225 (2012)
  170. Kuilla T, Bhadra S, Yao D, Kim NH, Bose S, Lee JH, Prog. Polym. Sci., 35, 1350 (2010)
  171. Sadasivuni KK, Ponnamma D, Thomas S, Grohens Y, Prog. Polym. Sci., 39, 749 (2014)
  172. Terrones M, Botello-Mendez AR, Campos-Delgado J, Lopez-Urias F, Vega-Cantu YI, Rodriguez-Macias FJ, Elias AL, Munoz-Sandoval E, Cano-Marquez AG, Charlier JC, Terrones H, Nano Today, 5(4), 351 (2010)
  173. Wu ZS, Zhou G, Yin LC, Ren W, Li F, Cheng HM, Nano Energy, 1, 107 (2012)
  174. Lin L, Rong M, Luo F, Chen D, Wang Y, Chen X, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 54, 83 (2014)
  175. Artiles MS, Rout CS, Fisher TS, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 63, 1352 (2011)
  176. Grande L, Chundi VT, Wei D, Bower C, Andrew P, Ryhanen T, Particuology, 10, 1 (2012)
  177. Tjong SC, Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep., 74, 281 (2013)
  178. Li Z, He M, Xu D, Liu Z, J. Photochem. Photobio. C: Photochem. Rev., 18, 1 (2014)
  179. Low CTJ, Walsh FC, Chakrabarti MH, Hashim MA, Hussain MA, Carbon, 54, 1 (2013)
  180. Kucinskis G, Bajars G, Kleperis J, J. Power Sources, 240, 66 (2013)
  181. Sitko R, Zawisza B, Malicka E, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 51, 33 (2013)
  182. Pinto AM, Goncalves IC, Magalhaes FD, Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces, 111, 188 (2013)
  183. Spitalsky Z, Tasis D, Papagelis K, Galiotis C, Prog. Polym. Sci., 35, 357 (2010)
  184. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA, Science, 306, 666 (2004)
  185. Novoselov KS, Jiang D, Schedin F, Booth TJ, Khotkevich VV, Morozov SV, Geim AK, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 102, 10451 (2005)
  186. Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Piner RD, Kohlhaas KA, Kleinhammes A, Jia Y, Wu Y, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS, Carbon, 45, 1558 (2007)
  187. Yang D, Velamakanni A, Bozoklu G, Park S, Stoller M, Piner RD, Stankovich S, Jung I, Field DA, Ventrice CA, Ruoff RS, Carbon, 47, 145 (2009)
  188. Eda G, Mattevi C, Yamaguchi H, Kim H, Chhowalla M, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 15768 (2009)
  189. Lotya M, Hernandez Y, King PJ, Smith RJ, Nicolosi V, Karlsson LS, Blighe FM, De S, Wang ZM, McGovern IT, Duesberg GS, Coleman JN, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131(10), 3611 (2009)
  190. Si Y, Samulski ET, Nano Lett., 8, 1679 (2008)
  191. Nethravathi C, Rajamathi M, Carbon, 46, 1994 (2008)
  192. Hernandez Y, Nicolosi V, Lotya M, Blighe FM, Sun ZY, De S, McGovern IT, Holland B, Byrne M, Gun'ko YK, Boland JJ, Niraj P, Duesberg G, Krishnamurthy S, Goodhue R, Hutchison J, Scardaci V, Ferrari AC, Coleman JN, Nat. Nanotechnol., 3(9), 563 (2008)
  193. Viculis LM, Mack JJ, Mayer OM, Hahn HT, Kaner RB, J. Mater. Chem., 15, 974 (2005)
  194. Choucair M, Thordarson P, Stride JA, Nat. Nanotechnol., 4(1), 30 (2009)
  195. Rybin MG, Pozharov AS, Obraztsova ED, Phys. Status Solidi C, 7, 2785 (2010)
  196. Rokuta E, Hasegawa Y, Itoh A, Yamashita K, Tanaka T, Otani S, Oshima C, Surf. Sci., 427, 97 (1999)
  197. Shioyama H, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 20(6), 499 (2001)
  198. Ruoff RS, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 3272 (2011)
  199. Heer WD, Berger C, Wu X, First PN, Conrad EH, Li X, Li T, Sprinkle M, Hass J, Sadowski ML, Potemski M, Martinez G, Solid State Commun., 143, 92 (2007)
  200. Chang YM, Kim H, Lee JH, Song YW, Appl. Phys. Lett., 97, 211102 (2010)
  201. Tang ZH, Zhuang J, Wang X, Langmuir, 26(11), 9045 (2010)
  202. Shukla A, Kumar R, Mazher J, Balan A, Solid State Commun., 149, 718 (2009)
  203. Park S, An J, Potts AJR, Velamakanni A, Murali S, Ruoff RS, Carbon, 49, 3019 (2011)
  204. Gunlycke D, Sheehan PE, Science, 331(6021), 1146 (2011)
  205. Lu X, Yu M, Huang H, Ruoff RS, Nanotechnology, 10, 269 (1999)
  206. Dimiev A, Kosynkin DV, Sinitskii A, Slesarev A, Sun ZZ, Tour JM, Science, 331(6021), 1168 (2011)
  207. May JW, Surf. Sci., 17, 267 (1969)
  208. Shelton JC, Patil HR, Blakely JM, Surf. Sci., 43, 493 (1974)
  209. Eizenberg M, Blakely JM, Surf. Sci., 82, 228 (1979)
  210. Somani PR, Somani SP, Umeno M, Chem. Phys. Lett., 430(1-3), 56 (2006)
  211. Cao H, Yu Q, Colby R, Pandey D, Park CS, Lian J, Zemlyanov D, Childres I, Drachev V, Stach EA, Hussain M, Li H, Pei SS, Chen YP, J. Appl. Phys., 107, 044310 (2010)
  212. Bhaviripudi S, Jia X, Dresselhaus MS, J. Kong, Nano Lett., 10, 4128 (2010)
  213. Kim KS, Zhao Y, Jang H, Lee SY, Kim JM, Kim KS, Ahn JH, Kim P, Choi JY, Hong BH, Nature, 457, 706 (2009)
  214. Li X, Cai W, An J, Kim S, Nah J, Yang D, Piner R, Velamakanni A, Jung I, Tutuc E, Banerjee SK, Colombo L, Ruoff RS, Science, 324, 1312 (2009)
  215. Chae SJ, Gunes F, Kim KK, Kim ES, Han GH, Kim SM, Shin HJ, Yoon SM, Choi JY, Park MH, Yang CW, Pribat D, Lee YH, Adv. Mater., 21(22), 2328 (2009)
  216. Lee S, Lee K, Zhong Z, Nano Lett., 10, 4702 (2010)
  217. Lee Y, Bae S, Jang H, Jang S, Zhu SE, Sim SH, Song YI, Hong BH, Ahn JH, Nano Lett., 10, 490 (2010)
  218. Reina A, Jia X, Ho J, Nezich D, Son H, Bulovic V, Dresselhaus MS, Kong J, Nano Lett., 9, 30 (2009)
  219. Dang ZM, Yuan JK, Zha JW, Zhou T, Li ST, Hu GH, Prog. Mater. Sci., 57(4), 660 (2012)
  220. Sengupta R, Bhattacharya M, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhowmick AK, Prog. Polym. Sci., 36, 638 (2011)
  221. Yang SY, Lin WN, Huang YL, Tien HW, Wang JY, Ma CCM, Li SM, Wang YS, Carbon, 49, 793 (2011)
  222. Zhao X, Zhang QH, Chen DJ, Lu P, Macromolecules, 43(5), 2357 (2010)
  223. Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Wang Z, Song H, Yu ZZ, Koratkar NA, ACS Nano, 3, 3884 (2009)
  224. Rafiee MA, Lu W, Thomas AV, Zandiatashbar A, Rafiee J, Tour JM, Koratkar NA, ACS Nano, 4, 7415 (2010)
  225. Zhou T, Zha JW, Hou Y, Wang D, Zhao J, Dang ZM, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 3, 4557 (2011)
  226. Li D, Muller MB, Gilje S, Kaner RB, Wallace GG, Nat. Nanotechnol., 3(2), 101 (2008)
  227. Li W, Dichiara A, Bai J, Compos. Sci. Technol., 74, 221 (2013)
  228. Zhang S, Yin S, Rong C, Huo P, Jiang Z, Wang G, Eur. Polym. J., 49, 3125 (2013)
  229. Zheng ZX, Wang ZH, Feng QL, Zhang FY, Du YL, Wang CM, Mater. Chem. Phys., 138(1), 350 (2013)
  230. Pang H, Chen C, Zhang YC, Ren PG, Yan DX, Li ZM, Carbon, 49, 1980 (2011)
  231. Chandrasekaran S, Faiella G, Prado LASA, Tolle F, Mulhaupt R, Schulte K, Composites Part A, 49, 51 (2013)
  232. Hwang Y, Kim M, Kim J, Composites Part A, 55, 195 (2013)
  233. Gallego MM, Bernal MM, Hernandez M, Verdejo R, Manchado MAL, Eur. Polym. J., 49, 1347 (2013)
  234. Zhao LJ, Zhao FQ, Zeng BZ, Electrochim. Acta, 115, 247 (2014)
  235. Li C, Shi GQ, Electrochim. Acta, 56(28), 10737 (2011)
  236. Yu SJ, Jiang YM, Wang CM, Electrochim. Acta, 114, 430 (2013)
  237. Zhao L, Zhao F, Zeng B, Sens. Actuators B, 176, 818 (2013)
  238. Zhao Y, Huang Y, Wang Q, Ceram. Int., 39, 6861 (2013)
  239. Lee S, Oh ES, J. Power Sources, 244, 721 (2013)
  240. Lee DC, Yang HN, Park SH, Kim WJ, J. Membr. Sci., 452, 20 (2014)
  241. Park HS, Lee MH, Hwang RY, Park OK, Jo K, Lee T, Kim BS, Song HK, Nano Energy, 3, 1 (2014)
  242. Kundu D, Krumeich F, Nesper R, J. Power Sources, 236, 112 (2013)
  243. Guo W, Su J, Li YH, Wan LJ, Guo YG, Electrochim. Acta, 72, 81 (2012)
  244. Liu Y, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Tang H, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 171-172, 1151 (2012)