The effect of chemical surface treatment on the fracture toughness of microfibrillated cellulose reinforced epoxy composites

Jun-Seok Yeo; Oh Young Kim; Seok-Ho Hwang

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.45, 301-306, January, 2017

DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2016.09.039 Export Citation

The effect of chemical surface treatment on the fracture toughness of microfibrillated cellulose reinforced epoxy composites

Jun-Seok Yeo, Oh Young Kim, and Seok-Ho Hwang^†

Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 16890, Republic of Korea

E-mail:

We conducted the surface modification of a microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) as a reinforcing filler of epoxy resin with triethoxy(3-glycidylpropyl)silane (GPS) to increase the mechanical properties of epoxy composite. The chemical modification for the surface of pristine MFCs was confirmed by FT-IR and SEM/EDX. Two different epoxy composite series were prepared using the pristine MFCs and GPS-modified MFCs (GPS-MFCs) to investigate the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of the epoxy composites according to the cellulosic filler contents. The tensile and impact properties of the epoxy composites showed the better performance of GPS-MFC/epoxy composites than of the pristine MFC/epoxy composites. The results of the critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and the critical strain energy release rate (GIC) show the improved interfacial adhesion between epoxy matrix and cellulosic filler in the GPS-MFC/epoxy composites, and their enhanced fracture toughness.

Keywords:Microfibrillated cellulose;Surface modification;Epoxy composites;Fracture toughness;Tensile properties

[References]

Li Y, Mai YW, J. Adhes., 82(5), 527 (2006)
Mohanthy AK, Misra M, Drzal LT, J. Polym. Environ., 10, 19 (2002)
Mottershead B, Eichhorn SJ, Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, 2150 (2007)
Bledzki AK, Gassan J, Prog. Polym. Sci, 24, 22 (1999)
Darder M, Aranda P, Ruiz-Hitzky E, Adv. Mater., 19(10), 1309 (2007)
Angles MN, Dufresne A, Macromolecules, 34(9), 2921 (2001)
Soykeabkaew N, Arimoto N, Nishino T, Peijs T, Compos. Sci. Technol., 68, 2201 (2008)
Ellis B, Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resin, Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, 1993.
Kia HG, Sheet Molding Compound: Science and Technology, Hanser Publishers, New York, 1993.
Cherian AB, Thachil ET, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 94(5), 1956 (2004)
Ansari MO, Ansari SP, Yadav SK, Anwer T, Cho MH, Mohammad F, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(4), 2010 (2014)
Zaidi M, Joshi S, Kumar M, Sharma D, Kumar A, Alam S, Sah P, Carbon Lett., 14, 218 (2013)
Lee SE, Cho S, Lee YS, Carbon Lett., 15, 32 (2014)
Lee H, Nevile K, Handbook of Epoxy Resin, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.
Shih YF, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process., 445-446, 289 (2007)
Deng SQ, Zhang JN, Ye L, Wu JS, Polymer, 49(23), 5119 (2008)
Ganan P, Garbizu S, Ponte R, Mondragon I, Polym. Compos., 26, 121 (2005)
Nishino T, Matsuda I, Hirao K, Macromolecules, 37(20), 7683 (2004)
Gindl W, Keckes J, Polymer, 46(23), 10221 (2005)
Yeo JS, Hwang SH, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 29(3), 185 (2015)
Yeo JS, Lee SW, Hwang SH, Polym. Korea, 39(6), 981 (2015)
Sangthong S, Pongprayoon T, Yanumet N, Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf., 40, 687 (2009)
Lu J, Askeland P, Drzal LT, Polymer, 49(5), 1285 (2008)
Matias MC, De la Orden MU, Sanchez CG, Urreaga JM, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 75(2), 256 (2000)
Baiardo M, Frisoni G, Scandola M, Licciardello A, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 83(1), 38 (2002)
Ragosta G, Abbate M, Musto P, Scarinzi G, Mascia L, Polymer, 46(23), 10506 (2005)
Brow F, Srawley J, ASTM Special Tech. Publ. No. 410, 1966.
Plati E, Williams JG, Polym. Eng. Sci., 15, 470 (1975)
Agrawal R, Saxena NS, Sharma KB, Thomas S, Sreekala MS, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process., 277, 77 (2000)
Tonoli G, Filho UPR, Savastano H, Bras J, Belgacem MN, Lahr FAR, Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf., 40, 2046 (2009)
Carlmark A, Malmstrom E, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124(6), 900 (2002)
Carlmark A, Malmstrom EE, Biomacromolecules, 4(6), 1740 (2003)
Klemm D, Philipp B, Heinze T, Heinze U, Wagenknecht W, Comprehensive Cellulose Chemistry Fundamentals and Analytical Methods, Wiley-VCH, 1998.
Maleque MA, Belal FY, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 32, 359 (2007)
Zhao S, Schadler LS, Hillborg H, Auletta T, Compos. Sci. Technol., 68, 2976 (2008)
Tang Y, Deng S, Ye L, Yang C, Yuan Q, Zhang J, Zhao C, Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf., 42, 345 (2011)

[Referenced By]

[1] Li Y, Mai YW, J. Adhes., 82(5), 527 (2006)

[2] Mohanthy AK, Misra M, Drzal LT, J. Polym. Environ., 10, 19 (2002)

[3] Mottershead B, Eichhorn SJ, Compos. Sci. Technol., 67, 2150 (2007)

[4] Bledzki AK, Gassan J, Prog. Polym. Sci, 24, 22 (1999)

[5] Darder M, Aranda P, Ruiz-Hitzky E, Adv. Mater., 19(10), 1309 (2007)

[6] Angles MN, Dufresne A, Macromolecules, 34(9), 2921 (2001)

[7] Soykeabkaew N, Arimoto N, Nishino T, Peijs T, Compos. Sci. Technol., 68, 2201 (2008)

[8] Ellis B, Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resin, Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, 1993.

[9] Kia HG, Sheet Molding Compound: Science and Technology, Hanser Publishers, New York, 1993.

[10] Cherian AB, Thachil ET, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 94(5), 1956 (2004)

[11] Ansari MO, Ansari SP, Yadav SK, Anwer T, Cho MH, Mohammad F, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(4), 2010 (2014)

[12] Zaidi M, Joshi S, Kumar M, Sharma D, Kumar A, Alam S, Sah P, Carbon Lett., 14, 218 (2013)

[13] Lee SE, Cho S, Lee YS, Carbon Lett., 15, 32 (2014)

[14] Lee H, Nevile K, Handbook of Epoxy Resin, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.

[15] Shih YF, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process., 445-446, 289 (2007)

[16] Deng SQ, Zhang JN, Ye L, Wu JS, Polymer, 49(23), 5119 (2008)

[17] Ganan P, Garbizu S, Ponte R, Mondragon I, Polym. Compos., 26, 121 (2005)

[18] Nishino T, Matsuda I, Hirao K, Macromolecules, 37(20), 7683 (2004)

[19] Gindl W, Keckes J, Polymer, 46(23), 10221 (2005)

[20] Yeo JS, Hwang SH, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 29(3), 185 (2015)

[21] Yeo JS, Lee SW, Hwang SH, Polym. Korea, 39(6), 981 (2015)

[22] Sangthong S, Pongprayoon T, Yanumet N, Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf., 40, 687 (2009)

[23] Lu J, Askeland P, Drzal LT, Polymer, 49(5), 1285 (2008)

[24] Matias MC, De la Orden MU, Sanchez CG, Urreaga JM, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 75(2), 256 (2000)

[25] Baiardo M, Frisoni G, Scandola M, Licciardello A, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 83(1), 38 (2002)

[26] Ragosta G, Abbate M, Musto P, Scarinzi G, Mascia L, Polymer, 46(23), 10506 (2005)

[27] Brow F, Srawley J, ASTM Special Tech. Publ. No. 410, 1966.

[28] Plati E, Williams JG, Polym. Eng. Sci., 15, 470 (1975)

[29] Agrawal R, Saxena NS, Sharma KB, Thomas S, Sreekala MS, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process., 277, 77 (2000)

[30] Tonoli G, Filho UPR, Savastano H, Bras J, Belgacem MN, Lahr FAR, Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf., 40, 2046 (2009)

[31] Carlmark A, Malmstrom E, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124(6), 900 (2002)

[32] Carlmark A, Malmstrom EE, Biomacromolecules, 4(6), 1740 (2003)

[33] Klemm D, Philipp B, Heinze T, Heinze U, Wagenknecht W, Comprehensive Cellulose Chemistry Fundamentals and Analytical Methods, Wiley-VCH, 1998.

[34] Maleque MA, Belal FY, Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 32, 359 (2007)

[35] Zhao S, Schadler LS, Hillborg H, Auletta T, Compos. Sci. Technol., 68, 2976 (2008)

[36] Tang Y, Deng S, Ye L, Yang C, Yuan Q, Zhang J, Zhao C, Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf., 42, 345 (2011)