Chemical modification of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets with CTBN rubber and highly enhanced impact strength of vinyl ester resin by them

Sang Gyu Ji; Lawrence T. Drzal; Donghwan Cho

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.102, 293-301, October, 2021

DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.005 Export Citation

Chemical modification of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets with CTBN rubber and highly enhanced impact strength of vinyl ester resin by them

Sang Gyu Ji, Lawrence T. Drzal¹, and Donghwan Cho^†

Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea
¹Composite Materials and Structures Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226, USA

E-mail:

In the present study, exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (EGN) were chemically modified with carboxylterminated poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) (CTBN) liquid rubber via carboxylation, acylation, and subsequently esterification. Multiple characterizations by means of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the chemical modification. For comparison, neat vinyl ester resin (VE), EGN/VE and CTBN-EGN/VE composites were prepared by using a free-standing Teflon mold to avoid pressure during curing. The amounts of EGN and CTBN-grafted EGN containing in EGN/VE and CTBN-EGN/VE composites were 1, 3, and 5 wt%, respectively. The impact strength of EGN/VE and CTBN-EGN/VE composites was strongly dependent upon the CTBN-grafted EGN concentration incorporated into neat VE. It was remarkably enhanced up to 220. 240% even with low contents (5 wt%) of CTBN-grafted EGN in comparison to neat VE and unmodified EGN/VE. The result revealed that a small amount of EGN chemically modified with liquid rubber CTBN played an important role in increasing the impact toughness of thermosetting resin.

Keywords:Vinyl ester resin;Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets;CTBN;Chemical modification;Characterization;Impact strength

[References]

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[2] Cho D, Lee S, Yang G, Fukushima H, Drzal LT, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 290, 179 (2005)

[3] Kim S, Do I, Drzal LT, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 294, 196 (2009)

[4] Kalaitzidou K, Fukushima H, Drzal LT, Compos. Part A, 37, 1675 (2007)

[5] Qian Y, Hwang S, Lee JW, Seo JS, Baeck SH, Shim SE, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 96, 156 (2021)

[6] Karevan M, Eshraghi S, Gerhardt R, Das S, Kalaitzidou K, Carbon, 64, 122 (2013)

[7] You JW, Kim JH, Seo KH, Huh WS, Park JH, Lee SS, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 66, 356 (2018)

[8] Park JK, Lee JY, Cho D, Drzal LT, Carbon Lett., 17, 33 (2016)

[9] Cho D, Drzal LT, Carbon Lett., 19, 1 (2016)

[10] Choi YJ, Lee KM, Kang DH, Han JI, Lee YS, Carbon Lett., 29, 401 (2019)

[11] Tarhini A, Tehrani-Bagha A, Kazan M, Grady B, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 137, 49821 (2020)

[12] Strong AB, Plastics: Materials and Processing, third ed., Pearson, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2006.

[13] Robinette EJ, Ziaee S, Palmese GR, Polymer, 45(18), 6143 (2004)

[14] Xu F, Du XS, Liu HY, Guo WG, Mai YW, Compos. Part B, 95, 423 (2016)

[15] Wang J, Zhang X, Jiang L, Qiao J, Prog. Polym. Sci, 98 (2019)

[16] Lee MK, Kwon W, Kwon DJ, Lee ES, Jeong EY, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 77, 461 (2019)

[17] Auad ML, Proia M, Borrajo J, Aranguren MI, J. Mater. Sci., 37(19), 4117 (2002)

[18] Feng Y, Fang Z, Gu A, Polym. Adv. Technol., 15, 628 (2004)

[19] Tripathi G, Srivastave D, Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process., 443, 262 (2007)

[20] Ramosa VD, da Costa HM, Soaresb VLP, Nascimento RSV, Polym. Test, 24, 387 (2005)

[21] Robertson MAF, Bump MB, Verghese KE, McCartney SR, Lesko JJ, Riffle JS, Kim IC, Yoon TH, J. Adhes., 71(4), 395 (1999)

[22] Vautard F, Ozcan S, Meyer H, Compos. Part A, 43, 1120 (2012)

[23] Chung DDL, Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Rep., 113, 1 (2017)

[24] Jiao WW, Cai YM, Liu WB, Yang F, Jiang L, Jiao WC, Wang RG, Appl. Surf. Sci., 439, 88 (2018)

[25] Yang G, Park M, Park SJ, Compos. Commun., 14, 34 (2019)

[26] Auad ML, Frontini PM, Borrajo J, Aranguren MI, Polymer, 42(8), 3723 (2001)

[27] Garg MS, Srivastava K, Srivastava D, Prog. Org. Coat., 78, 307 (2015)

[28] Fang M, Wang K, Lu H, Yang Y, Nutt S, Chem. Mater., 19, 7098 (2009)

[29] Gupta N, Gupta SM, Sharma SK, Carbon Lett, 29, 419 (2019)

[30] Choi EY, Kim MH, Kim CK, Compos. Sci. Technol., 178, 33 (2019)

[31] Ruan K, Guo Y, Lu C, Shi X, Ma T, Zhang Y, Kong J, Gu J, Research, 2021, 843861 (2021)

[32] Zhao J, Zhang J, Wang L, Li J, Feng T, Fan J, Chen L, Gu J, Compos. Commu., 22 (2020)

[33] Song P, Liu B, Liang C, Ruan K, Qiu H, Ma Z, Guo Y, Gu J, Nano-Micro Lett., 13, 91 (2021)

[34] Yang X, Fan S, Li Y, Guo Y, Li Y, Ruan K, Zhang S, Zhang J, Kong J, Gu J, Compos. Part A, 128 (2020)

[35] Kyotani T, Nakazaki S, Tomita A, Carbon, 39, 782 (2001)

[36] Jeong HK, Lee YP, Lahaye RJWE, Park MH, An KH, Kim IJ, Yang CW, Park CY, Ruoff RS, Lee YH, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130(4), 1362 (2008)

[37] Kudin KN, Ozbas B, Schniepp HC, Prud’homme RK, Aksay IA, Car R, Nano Lett., 8, 36 (2008)

[38] Han Y, Shi X, Yang X, Guo Y, Zhang J, Kong J, Gu J, Compos. Sci. Technol., 187 (2020)

[39] Hafiezal MRM, Khalina A, Zurina ZA, Azaman MDM, Hanafee ZM, J. Compos. Sci., 3, 6 (2019)

[40] Zanini NC, de Souza AG, Barbosa RFS, Rosa DS, Mulinari DR, Polym. Compos., 42, 532 (2021)