Effects of Zinc Ion Containing Surfactant on Bifunctional Silane Treated Silica Compounds in Natural Rubber

Kwang-Jea Kim; John VanderKooi

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.8, No.4, 334-347, July, 2002

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Effects of Zinc Ion Containing Surfactant on Bifunctional Silane Treated Silica Compounds in Natural Rubber

Kwang-Jea Kim^†, and John VanderKooi

Struktol Company of America Polymer Processing & Additives R&D, OH 44224-0649, USA

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Zinc ions containing surfactant (ZB) were added into the silica treated with silanes bis (triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT), and bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide (TESPD) and its effects on natural rubber (NR) compounds were investigated based on processability, rheology, mechanical properties and silica dispersion. Addition of the ZB increased the mechanical property, torque between maximum and minimum, modulus, and density of the compounds; and reduced the cure time, viscosity, tan δ values. heat generation during mixing, reversion, ODR minimum torque, maximum tensile stress, maximum elongation%, abrasion loss, and swell ratios. The most significant improvement was found from the blowout (BO) experiment with the addition of the ZB. The ZB effects were more significant at higher concentration.

Keywords:zinc soap;TESPT;TESPD;silica;natural rubber;processing

[References]

Rubber Handbook, Struktol Co. (2001)
Thurn F, Wolff S, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 28, 733 (1975)
Wolff S, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 32, 760 (1979)
Hunsche A, Gorl U, Muller A, Knaack M, Gobel T, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 50(12), 881 (1997)
Hunsche A, Gorl U, Koban HG, Lehmann T, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 51(7), 525 (1998)
Ishida H, Polym. Compos., 5, 101 (1984)
Ishida H, Koenig JL, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 106, 334 (1985)
Wolff S, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 34, 280 (1981)
Wolff S, The Role of Rubber-to-Silica Bonds in Reinforcement, Paper Presented at the First Franco-German Rubber Symposiu, Obernai, France, Nov. (1985)
Rauline R, European Patent, 0501 227 (Michelin) (1991)
Cruse RW, Hofstetter MH, Panzer LM, Pickwell RJ, Effects of Polysulfidic Silane Sulfur on Rolling Resistance, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Louisville, KY, Oct., 8-11, 75 (1996)
McNeish A, Byers JT, Low Rolling Resistance Tread Compound-Some Compounding Solutions, Degussa Corporation, ACS Rubber Division meeting, Anaheim CA, May (1997)
Stone CR, Hensel M, Menting KH, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 51(9), 568 (1998)
Stone CR, Menting KH, Hensel DM, Improving the Silica Green Tyre Tread Compound by the Use of Special Process Additives, Schill & Seilacher, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Orlando FL, Sept. (1999)
Stone CR, Menting KH, Hensel DM, Optimising the Use of Disulphide Silane in a Silica Green Tyre Tread Compound, Shill & Seilacher, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Cincinnati OH, Oct. (2000)
Cochet P, Highly Dispersible Reactive Silica for Low-Rolling-Resistance Tires, Rhodia Silica, ITEC-2000 (No 22A), Akron OH, Sept. (2000)
Yatsuyagagi F, Kaidou H, Suzuki N, Ito M, Relationship Between Secondary Structure of Fillers and the Mechanical Properties of Silica Filled Rubber Systems, Yokohama Rubber Co., Science Univ. of Tokyo, ACS Rubber Division Meeting Providence RI, Apr. (2001)
Rauline R, U.S. Patent, 5,227,425 (Filed Feb. 20, 1992), (Michelin) (1993)
Ismail H, Freakley PK, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 36, 873 (1997)
Kim KJ, White JL, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6(4), 262 (2000)
Hockley JA, Pethica BA, Trans. Faraday Soc., 57, 2247 (1961)
Bassett R, Boucher EA, Zettlemoyer AC, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 27, 649 (1968)
Bachmann JH, Sellers JW, Wagner MP, Rubber Chem. Technol., 32, 1286 (1959)
Dannenberg EM, Rubber Chem. Technol., 48, 410 (1975)
Dannenberg EM, Rubber Chem. Technol., 48, 558 (1975)
Wagner MP, Rubber Chem. Technol., 49, 703 (1976)
Vondracek P, Hradec M, Chvalovsky V, Khanh HD, Rubber Chem. Technol., 57, 675 (1984)
Krysztafkiewicz, Colloid Polym. Sci., 267, 399 (1989)
Kohjiya S, Ikeda Y, Rubber Chem. Technol., 73, 534 (2000)
U.S. Patent, 6,169,137 Vasseur; Didier (Compagnie General des Etablissement Michelin & Cie) (Filed July 7, 1998) (2001)
Luginsland HD, Frhlich J, Wehmeier A, Influence of Different Silanes on The Reinforcement of Silica-Filled Rubber Compounds, Degussa AG, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Providence RI, Apr. (2001)
Kim KJ, White JL, Compos. Interfaces, in print
Roberts AD, Natural Rubber Science and Technology, Oxford Science Publishers, New York (1988)
VanderKooi J, Zinc Soaps for Improved Vulcanizates Part II, Struktol Company of America, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Louisville KE, Oct. Paper No. 2 (1996)
White JL, Principle of Polymer Engineering Rheology, White Inter-Science, New York (1990)
White JL, Rubber Processing: Technology, Materials, and Principles, Hanser Publishers, Cincinnati (1995)
Montes S, White JL, Nakajima, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech., 28, 183 (1988)
Gent AN, Engineering with Rubber: How to Design Rubber Components, Hanser Publishers, New York (1992)
Allen RW, U.S. Patent, (filed June 9, 1931) 02,048,314 (July 21, 1936), (Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.) (1931)
Kim KJ, VanderKooi J, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., in print
Kim KJ, White JL, Polym. Eng. Sci., 39(11), 2189 (1999)
Choi HJ, Vinay SJ, Jhon MS, Polymer, 40(10), 2869 (1999)
Othman AB, Hepburn C, Hasma H, Plast. Rubber Compos. Process. Appl., 19, 185 (1993)
Duchacek V, Kuta A, Pribly P, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 47, 743 (1993)
Farnsworth M, Kline C, Zinc Chemicals, Chales Kline and Co., New York (1983)
Kokes R, Intra-Sci. Rept., 6(2), 77 (1972)
VanderKooi J, Sheritt J, Umland H, Hensel M, Changing Elastomer Properties with Zinc Soaps, Struktol Company of America, Schill and Seilacher, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Orlando FL, Oct. 121 (1993)
Luginsland HD, Reactivity of Sulfur Functions of the Disulfane Silane TESPD and the Tetrasulfane Silane TESPT, Degussa AG, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Chicago II, Apr. (1999)
Rubber Industry Manual, Bayer A.G. (1993)

[Referenced By]

[1] Rubber Handbook, Struktol Co. (2001)

[2] Thurn F, Wolff S, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 28, 733 (1975)

[3] Wolff S, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 32, 760 (1979)

[4] Hunsche A, Gorl U, Muller A, Knaack M, Gobel T, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 50(12), 881 (1997)

[5] Hunsche A, Gorl U, Koban HG, Lehmann T, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 51(7), 525 (1998)

[6] Ishida H, Polym. Compos., 5, 101 (1984)

[7] Ishida H, Koenig JL, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 106, 334 (1985)

[8] Wolff S, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 34, 280 (1981)

[9] Wolff S, The Role of Rubber-to-Silica Bonds in Reinforcement, Paper Presented at the First Franco-German Rubber Symposiu, Obernai, France, Nov. (1985)

[10] Rauline R, European Patent, 0501 227 (Michelin) (1991)

[11] Cruse RW, Hofstetter MH, Panzer LM, Pickwell RJ, Effects of Polysulfidic Silane Sulfur on Rolling Resistance, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Louisville, KY, Oct., 8-11, 75 (1996)

[12] McNeish A, Byers JT, Low Rolling Resistance Tread Compound-Some Compounding Solutions, Degussa Corporation, ACS Rubber Division meeting, Anaheim CA, May (1997)

[13] Stone CR, Hensel M, Menting KH, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., 51(9), 568 (1998)

[14] Stone CR, Menting KH, Hensel DM, Improving the Silica Green Tyre Tread Compound by the Use of Special Process Additives, Schill & Seilacher, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Orlando FL, Sept. (1999)

[15] Stone CR, Menting KH, Hensel DM, Optimising the Use of Disulphide Silane in a Silica Green Tyre Tread Compound, Shill & Seilacher, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Cincinnati OH, Oct. (2000)

[16] Cochet P, Highly Dispersible Reactive Silica for Low-Rolling-Resistance Tires, Rhodia Silica, ITEC-2000 (No 22A), Akron OH, Sept. (2000)

[17] Yatsuyagagi F, Kaidou H, Suzuki N, Ito M, Relationship Between Secondary Structure of Fillers and the Mechanical Properties of Silica Filled Rubber Systems, Yokohama Rubber Co., Science Univ. of Tokyo, ACS Rubber Division Meeting Providence RI, Apr. (2001)

[18] Rauline R, U.S. Patent, 5,227,425 (Filed Feb. 20, 1992), (Michelin) (1993)

[19] Ismail H, Freakley PK, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 36, 873 (1997)

[20] Kim KJ, White JL, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6(4), 262 (2000)

[21] Hockley JA, Pethica BA, Trans. Faraday Soc., 57, 2247 (1961)

[22] Bassett R, Boucher EA, Zettlemoyer AC, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 27, 649 (1968)

[23] Bachmann JH, Sellers JW, Wagner MP, Rubber Chem. Technol., 32, 1286 (1959)

[24] Dannenberg EM, Rubber Chem. Technol., 48, 410 (1975)

[25] Dannenberg EM, Rubber Chem. Technol., 48, 558 (1975)

[26] Wagner MP, Rubber Chem. Technol., 49, 703 (1976)

[27] Vondracek P, Hradec M, Chvalovsky V, Khanh HD, Rubber Chem. Technol., 57, 675 (1984)

[28] Krysztafkiewicz, Colloid Polym. Sci., 267, 399 (1989)

[29] Kohjiya S, Ikeda Y, Rubber Chem. Technol., 73, 534 (2000)

[30] U.S. Patent, 6,169,137 Vasseur; Didier (Compagnie General des Etablissement Michelin & Cie) (Filed July 7, 1998) (2001)

[31] Luginsland HD, Frhlich J, Wehmeier A, Influence of Different Silanes on The Reinforcement of Silica-Filled Rubber Compounds, Degussa AG, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Providence RI, Apr. (2001)

[32] Kim KJ, White JL, Compos. Interfaces, in print

[33] Roberts AD, Natural Rubber Science and Technology, Oxford Science Publishers, New York (1988)

[34] VanderKooi J, Zinc Soaps for Improved Vulcanizates Part II, Struktol Company of America, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Louisville KE, Oct. Paper No. 2 (1996)

[35] White JL, Principle of Polymer Engineering Rheology, White Inter-Science, New York (1990)

[36] White JL, Rubber Processing: Technology, Materials, and Principles, Hanser Publishers, Cincinnati (1995)

[37] Montes S, White JL, Nakajima, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech., 28, 183 (1988)

[38] Gent AN, Engineering with Rubber: How to Design Rubber Components, Hanser Publishers, New York (1992)

[39] Allen RW, U.S. Patent, (filed June 9, 1931) 02,048,314 (July 21, 1936), (Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.) (1931)

[40] Kim KJ, VanderKooi J, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst., in print

[41] Kim KJ, White JL, Polym. Eng. Sci., 39(11), 2189 (1999)

[42] Choi HJ, Vinay SJ, Jhon MS, Polymer, 40(10), 2869 (1999)

[43] Othman AB, Hepburn C, Hasma H, Plast. Rubber Compos. Process. Appl., 19, 185 (1993)

[44] Duchacek V, Kuta A, Pribly P, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 47, 743 (1993)

[45] Farnsworth M, Kline C, Zinc Chemicals, Chales Kline and Co., New York (1983)

[46] Kokes R, Intra-Sci. Rept., 6(2), 77 (1972)

[47] VanderKooi J, Sheritt J, Umland H, Hensel M, Changing Elastomer Properties with Zinc Soaps, Struktol Company of America, Schill and Seilacher, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Orlando FL, Oct. 121 (1993)

[48] Luginsland HD, Reactivity of Sulfur Functions of the Disulfane Silane TESPD and the Tetrasulfane Silane TESPT, Degussa AG, ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Chicago II, Apr. (1999)

[49] Rubber Industry Manual, Bayer A.G. (1993)