화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.72, 281-297, April, 2019
DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2018.12.029  Export Citation
A contemporary review on plant-based coagulants for applications in water treatment
Mussarat Saleem†, and Robert Thomas Bachmann
  • Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 78000 Alor Gajah, Malaysia
E-mail:
Conventional coagulants, like aluminium sulphate and ferric chloride, are used in potable water treatment and involve non-sustainable mining and transformation of raw materials for their production with costly sludge disposal. Natural coagulants are mostly obtained from bacteria, fungi, animals and plants and are classified as polysaccharide, amino-polysaccharide, poly-phenols and proteins-based substances. Plant-based coagulants extracted from Moringa oleifera, Strychnos potatorum Linn, Plantago ovate, Trigonella foenum graecum and Opuntia ficus indica are potential substitutes to chemicals mostly based on bench-scale testing. These are organic polymers and polyelectrolytes that are classified as cationic, anionic and non-ionic coagulants. This paper provides a historical and contemporary review of plant-based coagulants, their notable milestones achieved, chemistry involved, as well as bench, pilot and full scale trials, highlighting the effects of plant-based coagulants on physico-bio-chemical properties of raw water. Commercialisation constrains are also included and discussed.
Keywords:Potable water treatment;Plant-based coagulants;Organic polymers;Polyelectrolytes;Chemistry
  1. Bates AL, Orem WH, Harvey JW, Spiker EC, J. Environ. Qual., 31, 287 (2002)
  2. Kleinman MT, et al., Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 42(4), 298 (1981)
  3. King DJ, Noss RR, Rev. Environ. Health, 8(1-4) (1989)
  4. Letterman RD, Pero RW, J. Am. Water Work. Assoc., 82(11), 87 (1990)
  5. Packham RF, Proc. Soc. Water Treat. Exam., 16, 88 (1967)
  6. Radford NP, National Rivers Authority, 1994.
  7. Van Hullebusch E, Deluchat V, Chazal PM, Baudu M, Env. Pollut., 120(3), 617 (2002)
  8. He C, Liu Z, Hodgins M, Water Res. Found. (2013).
  9. Bondy SC, Campbell A, Environmental Factors in Neurodegenerative Diseases, vol. 1, Elsevier, pp.131 2017.
  10. Martyn CN, Barker DJ, Osmond C, Harris EC, Edwardson JA, Lacey RF, Lancet, 1, 59 (1989)
  11. Rogers MA, Simon DG, Age Ageing, 28, 205 (1999)
  12. Muisa N, Hoko Z, Chifamba P, Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C, 36(14-15), 853 (2011)
  13. Kaggwa RC, Mulaleto CI, Denny P, Okurut TO, Water Res., 35(3), 795 (2001)
  14. Mortula M, Bard SM, Walsh ME, Gagnon GA, Can. J. Civil Eng., 136, 127 (2009)
  15. Gutierrez R, Delvasto S, ME, in 14th International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management, pp.1 1998.
  16. Maiden P, Hearn MTW, Boysen RI, Chier P, Warnecke M, Jackson WR, Alum sludge re-use investigation (10OS-42) (2015).
  17. Boaventura RAR, Duarte AALS, Almeida MF, Proceedings of International Conference on Water Supply and Water Quality (2000).
  18. Evuti AM, Lawal M, Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(6), 410 (2011)
  19. Abdullah NH, Mohamed N, Sulaiman LH, Zakaria TA, Rahim DA, Malaysian J. Med. Sci., 23(3), 1 (2016)
  20. Bulusu KR, Thergaonker VP, Kulkarni DN, Pathak BN, Environ. Health, 10, 239 (1968)
  21. Jahn SA, Dirar H, Water SA, 5, 90 (1979)
  22. Diaz A, Rincon N, Escorihuela A, Fernandez N, Chacin E, Forster CF, Process Biochem., 35(3), 391 (1999)
  23. Marobhe NJ, Dalhammar G, Gunaratna KR, Environ. Technol., 28(6), 671 (2007)
  24. Mahungu SM, Meyland I, Cassia gum, chemical and technical assessment (CTA) (2008).
  25. Abidin ZZ, Shamsudin NSM, Madehi N, Sobri S, Ind. Crop. Prod., 41, 319 (2013)
  26. Muthuraman G, Sasikala S, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20(4), 1727 (2014)
  27. Fatombi JK, Lartiges B, Aminou T, Barres O, Caillet C, Sep. Purif. Technol., 116, 35 (2013)
  28. Bodlund I, Pavankumar AR, Chelliah R, Kasi S, Sankaran K, Rajarao GK, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 11, 873 (2014)
  29. Dezfooli SM, Uversky VN, Saleem M, Baharudin FS, Hitam SMS, Bachmann RT, Process Biochem., 51(8) (2016)
  30. Bolto B, Gregory J, Water Res., (41) 2301 (2007).
  31. Ndabigengesere A, Narasiah KS, Talbot GB, Water Res., 29(2), 703 (1995)
  32. Ghebremichael KA, Gunaratna KR, Henriksson H, Brumer H, Dalhammar G, Water Res., 39, 2338 (2005)
  33. Miller SM, Fugate EJ, Craver VO, Smith JA, Zimmerman JB, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4274 (2008)
  34. Antov MG, Sciban MB, Petrovic NJ, Bioresour. Technol., 101(7), 2167 (2010)
  35. Hameed YT, Idris A, Hussain SA, Abdullah N, J. Environ. Manage., 184, 494 (2016)
  36. Bratby J, Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 2nd ed., IWA Publishing, 2006.
  37. Awang NA, Aziz HA, Appl. Water Sci., 2, 293 (2012)
  38. Al-Hamadani YAJ, Yusoff MS, Umar M, Bashir MJK, Adlan MN, J. Hazard. Mater., 190(1-3), 582 (2011)
  39. Bhole AG, J. Water Supply Res. Technol., 44(6), 284 (1995)
  40. Toeda K, Kurane R, Agric. Biol. Chem., 55, 2793 (1991)
  41. Yokoi H, Arima T, Hirose J, Hayashi S, Takasaki Y, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 82(1), 84 (1996)
  42. Ganesh Kumar C, Joo HS, Choi JW, Koo YM, Chang CS, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 34(7), 673 (2004)
  43. Xiong Y, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76(9), 2778 (2010)
  44. Abdel-Fattah AF, Saleh SA, Zbl. Bakt. II. Abt., 134, 547 (1979)
  45. Farshad K, Soheila A, Fereydoon M, Eur. J. Exp. Biol., 3(2), 167 (2013)
  46. Fattom A, Shilo M, Arch. Microbiol., 139, 421 (1984)
  47. Kawamura S, J. Am. Water Work. Assoc., 83(10), 88 (1991)
  48. Roussy J, Van Vooren M, Dempsey BA, Guibal E, Water Res., 39(14), 3247 (2005)
  49. Wang JP, Chen YZ, Wang Y, Yuan SJ, Sheng GP, Yu HQ, RSC Adv., 2, 494 (2012)
  50. Fast SA, Gude VG, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 24, 153 (2015)
  51. Kebaili M, Djellali S, Radjai M, Drouiche N, Lounici H, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 64, 292 (2018)
  52. Shamsnejati S, Chaibakhsh N, Pendashteh AR, Hayeripour S, Ind. Crop. Prod., 69, 40 (2015)
  53. Prasertsan P, Dermlim W, Doelle H, Kennedy JF, Carbohydr. Polym., 66, 289 (2006)
  54. Suh HH, Kwon GS, Lee CH, Kim HS, Oh HM, Yoon BD, J. Ferment. Bioeng., 84(2), 108 (1997)
  55. Kurane R, Nohata Y, Agric. Biol. Chem., 55(4), 1127 (1991)
  56. Ozacar M, Sengil IA, Turk. J. Eng. Environ. Sci., 26(3), 255 (2002)
  57. Graham N, Gang F, Fowler G, Watts M, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 327, 9 (2008)
  58. Sanchez-Martin J, Gonzalez-Velasco M, Beltran-Heredia J, Chem. Eng. J., 165(3), 851 (2009)
  59. Sanchez-Martin J, Beltran-Heredia J, Solera-Hernandez C, J. Environ. Manage., 91, 2051 (2010)
  60. Gassenschmidt U, Jany KD, Tauscher B, Niebergall H, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1243, 477 (1995)
  61. Ndabigengesere A, Narasiah KSS, Talbot BG, Water Res., 29, 703 (1995)
  62. Horne DS, Banks JM, Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology, Elsevier Academic Press, New York, NY, 2003.
  63. Santos AFS, Luz LA, Argolo ACC, Teixeira JA, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB, Process Biochem., 44(4), 504 (2009)
  64. Ferreira RS, et al., Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 53, 186 (2011)
  65. Kristianto H, Water Conserv. Sci. Eng., 2, 51 (2017)
  66. Nandini GKM, Sheba MC, Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol., 3(11), 970 (2016)
  67. Oladoja NA, Sustain. Chem. Pharm., 3, 47 (2016)
  68. Oladoja NA, J. Water Process Eng., 6, 174 (2015)
  69. Choy YS, Prasad KMN, Wu TY, Ramanan RN, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 12, 367 (2015)
  70. Kansal SK, Kumari A, Chem. Rev., 114(9), 4993 (2014)
  71. Choy YS, Prasad KMN, Wu TY, Raghunandan ME, Ramanan RN, J. Environ. Sci., 26, 2178 (2014)
  72. Theodoro JDP, Lenz GF, Zara RF, Bergamasco R, Plast. Polym. Technol., 2(3), 55 (2013)
  73. Bichi MH, Civ. Environ. Res., 3, 1 (2013)
  74. Yin CY, Process Biochem., 45(9), 1437 (2010)
  75. Yongabi KA, Int. Rev. Chem. Eng., 2, 444 (2010)
  76. Baker MN, The Quest for Pure Water, American Water Works Association, New York, NY, 1949.
  77. Bachmann RT, Edyvean RGJ, Biofilms, 2, 197 (2005)
  78. Morgan MH, Vitruvius (100BC) De Architectura, The Ten Books on Architecture, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1914.
  79. Chattopadhyay A, Indian J. Hist. Med., 13, 4 (1968)
  80. Sciban MB, Klasnja MT, Stojimirovic, APTEFF, 36, 81 (2005)
  81. Menkiti MC, Nnaji PC, Nwoye CI, Onukwuli OD, J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng., 9(2), 89 (2010)
  82. Obuzor GU, Ejimozor M, Sci. Africana, 10(1), 112 (2011)
  83. Aweng ER, Anwar AI, Rafiqah MI, Suhaimi O, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(2), 28 (2012)
  84. Baptista ATA, Silva MO, Gomes RG, Bergamasco R, Vieira MF, Vieira AMS, Sep. Purif. Technol., 180, 114 (2017)
  85. Camacho FP, Sousa VS, Bergamasco R, Teixeira MR, Chem. Eng. J., 313, 226 (2017)
  86. Adinolfi M, et al., Carbohydr. Res., 263, 103 (1994)
  87. Beltran-Heredia J, Sanchez-Martin J, Gomez-Munoz MC, Chem. Eng. J., 162(3), 1019 (2010)
  88. ZiolKowska D, Shyichuk A, Polimery, 56(3), 244 (2011)
  89. Sutherland JP, Folkard GK, Mtawali MA, Grant WD, Proceedings of 19th WEDC Conference, Ghana: ACCRA, pp.109 1993.
  90. Muyibi SA, Alfugara AMS, Int. J. Environ. Stud., 60, 617 (2003)
  91. Alley ER, Appendix D: chemical characteristics, Water Quality Control Handbook, McGraw Hill, Inc., 2000.
  92. Biswas WK, John MB, Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from moringa oleifera oilseeds (2009).
  93. Frazee CA, World History Ancient and medieval times to A.D. 1500, 1st ed., Barron’s Educational Series, 1997.
  94. Bunson M, Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Revised ed., Infobase Publishing, 2014.
  95. Weinberg BA, Bealer BK, The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World’s Most Popular Drug, Routledge, New York, NY, 2004.
  96. Campbell DL, The Tea Book, Pelican Publishing Company, 1995.
  97. Mower RM, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, vol. 2, Business & Economics, USA, 2013.
  98. Hills S, Bryer A, Food in Antiquity, Exeter University Press, pp.44 1995.
  99. Nicholson P, Shaw I, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  100. Iyer NC, The Brhat Samhita of Varaha Mihira, Souts Indian Press, Madura, 1884.
  101. Jahn SAA, German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Germany, 1981.
  102. Beckman R, Lorenzo W, Polyacrylamide water clarifier, US20060180551 A1, 2006.
  103. Brehm AE, Reisen in Sudan, 1975.
  104. Amin MME, A general list of common forest trees and shrubs of the Sudan. Soba, 1973.
  105. Kirchmer CJ, Arboleda JV, Castro ML, Natural polymers and their application as flocculation assistants, Lima, Peru, 1975.
  106. Jahn SAA, Erdkunde, 31(2), 120 (1977)
  107. Jahn SAA, Dirar H, Water S. Afr., 5(2), 90 (1979)
  108. Marobhe NJ, Renman G, Gunnar J, Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Sustainable Development: Relevance for Africa, Kamla Raj Enterprises, Delhi, Indian, pp.111 2007.
  109. Ali N, Mohammed N, Badri A, Institute of environmental studies, University of Khartoum, 1981.
  110. Jung Y, Jung Y, Kwon M, Kye H, Abrha YW, Kang JW, J. Water Health., 16(6), 904 (2018)
  111. Sanchez-Martin J, Ghebremichael K, Beltran-Heredia J, Bioresour. Technol., 101(15), 6259 (2010)
  112. Bratskaya S, Schwarz S, Liebert T, Heinze T, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 254(1-3), 75 (2005)
  113. Reed PE, Finck MR, Modified tannin Mannich polymers, United State Patent No. 5,659,002, 1997.
  114. Sanchez-Martın’ J, Beltran-Heredia J, Advances in Water Treatment and Pollution Prevention, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
  115. Broin M, Santaella C, Cuine S, Kokou K, Peltier G, Joet T, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 60(1-2), 114 (2002)
  116. Pavankumar AR, Noren J, Singh L, Gowda NKC, RSC Adv., 4, 7136 (2013)
  117. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Plant species number, Policy, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.bgci.org/policy/1521/.
  118. Patwardhan B, Gautam M, Drug Discovery & Development, vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp.405 2006
  119. Gunaratna KR, Garcia B, Andersson S, Dalhammar G, Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, 7(5-6), 19 (2007)
  120. Mbogo SA, J. Environ. Health, 70, 46 (2008)
  121. Suffness M, Pezzuto M, Method in Plant Biochemistry, vol. 6, Academic Press, London, pp.71 1991.
  122. Engelhardt TL, Coagulation, Flocculation and Clarification of Drinking Water, HACH, 2010.
  123. Kurane R, Nohata Y, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 58(2), 235 (1994)
  124. Okaiyeto K, Nwodo UU, Okoli AS, Mabinya LV, Okoh AI, Polish J. Environ. Stud., 25(1), 241 (2016)
  125. Nordmark BA, Przybycien TM, Tilton RD, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 4, 4690 (2016)
  126. Saleem M, Bachmann RT, Ahmad M, 13th National Symposium on Polymeric Materials (NSPM) (2013).
  127. O’Brien JH, Novak JT, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 69(11), 600 (1977)
  128. Fatombi JK, Lartiges B, Aminou T, Barres O, Caillet C, Sep. Purif. Technol., 116, 35 (2013)
  129. Harrington A, Engelhardt P, Cationic starches as industrial flocculants, Proceedings of the International Water Conference, 313 (1979).
  130. Shebek K, Schantz AB, Sines I, Lauser K, Velegol S, Kumar M, Langmuir, 31(15), 4496 (2015)
  131. Luz LDA, et al., Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 58, 31 (2013)
  132. Okuda T, Baes AU, Nishijima W, Wat. Res., 35(2), 405 (2001)
  133. Ghebremichael KA, Gunaratna KR, Henriksson H, Brumer H, Dalhammar G, Water Res., 39(11), 2338 (2005)
  134. Sanchez-Martin J, Ghebremichael K, Beltran-Heredia J, Bioresour. Technol., 101(15), 6259 (2010)
  135. Broin M, Santaella C, Cuine S, Kokou K, Peltier G, Joet T, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 60(1-2), 114 (2002)
  136. Suarez M, et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49(9), 3847 (2005)
  137. Ozacar M, Sengil IA, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 229(1-3), 85 (2003)
  138. Antov MG, Sciban MB, Petrovic NJ, Bioresour. Technol., 101(7), 2167 (2010)
  139. Zivkovic J, Mujic I, Zekovic Z, Nikolic G, Vidovic S, Mujic A, J. Cent. Eur. Agric., 10(3), 283 (2009)
  140. Arogba SS, J. Food Compos. Anal., 13, 149 (2003)
  141. Khanbabaee K, Ree TV, Nat. Prod. Rep., 18, 641 (2001)
  142. Kelly DW, Paul SN, Waller JE, Method for flocculating and removing solids suspended in water, US 4,781,839, 1988.
  143. Vermerris W, Nicholson R, Phenolic Compound Biochemistry, Springer Science & Business Media, 2006.
  144. Gaugler M, Grigsby WJ, J. Wood Chem. Technol., 29(4), 305 (2009)
  145. Lisperguer J, Saravia Y, Vergara E, J. Chil. Chem. Soc., 61(4), 3188 (2016)
  146. Aspinall GO, Ca?as-Rodriguez A, J. Chem. Soc., 4020 (1958).
  147. Roux DG, Ferreira D, Hundt HKL, Malan E, Appl. Polym. Symp., 28, 335 (1975)
  148. Mitchell D, et al., Method of preparing a chemically modified tannin and its use, EP 0 836 583 B1, 2003.
  149. Foster SE, Treatment of manno galactan gums, US 3346556 A, 1967.
  150. Levine NM, Poly-Electrolytes for Water and Wastewater Treatment, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.47 1981.
  151. Adinolfi M, et al., Carbohydr. Res., 263, 103 (1994)
  152. Otegui MS, Plant Cell Monogr., 8, 159 (2007)
  153. Kumar CS, Bhattacharya S, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1, 1 (2008)
  154. Choy SY, Prasad KMN, Wu TY, Ramanan RN, A review on common vegetables and legumes as promising plant-based natural coagulants in water clarification, p.367 2015.
  155. Schwartz D, Whistler RL, Starch: Chemistry and Technology, 3rd ed., Elsevier Inc., 2009.
  156. Mandloi M, Chaudhari S, Folkard GK, Environ. Technol., 25(4), 481 (2004)
  157. Kibbe A, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th ed., Pharmaceutical Press, pp.298 2009.
  158. Attama AA, Nwabunze OJ, Acta Pharm., 57(2), 161 (2007)
  159. Gowthamrajan K, Kulkarni GT, Muthukumar A, Int. J. Pharm. Exp., 3, 16 (2002)
  160. Ogaji I, Nnoli O, Asian J. Pharm., 4(2), 130 (2010)
  161. Singh R, Malviya R, Sharma PK, Pharmacogn. J., 3(20), 17 (2011)
  162. Somboonpanyakul P, Wang Q, Cui W, Barbut S, Jantawat P, Carbohydr. Polym., 64, 247 (2006)
  163. Noorlaila A, Aziah AS, Asmeda R, Norizzah AR, Int. Food Res. J., 22(2), 782 (2015)
  164. Mathur NK, Industrial Galactomannan Polysacchar-ides, CRC Press, 2012.
  165. Anderson E, Ind. Eng. Chem., 41, 2887 (1949)
  166. Dea ICM, Morrison A, Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 31, 241 (1975)
  167. Palanuvej C, Hokputsa S, Tunsaringkarn T, Ruangrungsi N, Sci. Pharm., 77, 837 (2009)
  168. Jiang JX, Zhu LW, Zhang WM, Sun RC, Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater., 1145 (2007).
  169. Wade A, Weller P, gums G, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd ed., The Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp215 1994.
  170. Haddarah A, Bassal A, Ismail A, Gaiani C, Ioannou I, Charbonnel C, Hamieh T, Ghoul M, J. Food Eng., 120, 204 (2014)
  171. Kok S, Carbohydr. Polym., 70, 68 (2007)
  172. Vernon-Carter EJ, Beristain CI, Pedroza-Islas R, Novel Macromolecules in Food Systems, Elsevier Science B.V., 2000.
  173. Vernon-Carter EJ, Sherman P, J. Texture Stud., 11, 339 (1980)
  174. Bulusu KR, Sharma VP, Environ. Health, 7, 165 (1965)
  175. Mirhosseini H, Amid BT, Food Res. Int., 46(1), 387 (2012)
  176. Salimath PV, Tharanathan RN, Cereal Chem., 59(5), 430 (1982)
  177. Zaharuddin ND, Noordin MI, Kadivar A, Biomed Res. Int., 1 (2014).
  178. McGarvie D, Parolis H, Carbohydr. Res., 69(1), 171 (1979)
  179. Matsuhiro B, Lillo LE, Saenz C, Urzua CC, Zarate O, Carbohydr. Polym., 63(2), 263 (2006)
  180. Saettone MF, Burgalassis S, Giannaccini B, Boldrini E, Ophthalmic Solutions Viscosified with Tamarind Seed Polysaccharides, US6056950 A, 2000.
  181. Goyal P, Kumar V, Sharma P, Carbohydr. Polym., 69, 251 (2007)
  182. Kaur H, Yadav S, Ahuja M, Dilbaghi N, Carbohydr. Polym., 90, 1543 (2012)
  183. Sanchez-Martin J, Beltran-Heredia J, Peres JA, Braz. J. Chem. Eng., 29(3), 495 (2012)
  184. Ramamurthy C, Maheswari MU, Selvaganabathy N, Kumar MS, Sujatha V, Thirunavakkarasu C, Adv. Biol. Chem., 2, 58 (2012)
  185. Muyibi SA, Evison LM, Water Res., 29(4), 1099 (1994)
  186. Ndabigengesere A, Narasiah KS, Water Res., 32, 781 (1998)
  187. McBurney R, Griffin C, Paul A, Greenberg D, J. Food Compos. Anal., 17(3), 277 (2004)
  188. Dawney B, Cheng C, Winkler R, Pearce JM, Appl. Clay Sci., 99, 194 (2014)
  189. Lea M, Current Protocols in Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, pp.1G.2.1 2014.
  190. Yongabi KA, Lewis DM, Harris PL, J. Environ. Sci. Eng., 5, 947 (2011)
  191. Garcia-Fayos B, Arnal JM, Ruiz V, Sancho M, Desalin. Water Treat., 1 (2016).
  192. Baptista ATA, Coldebella PF, Cardines PHF, Gomes RG, Vieira MF, Bergamasco R, Vieira AMS, Chem. Eng. J., 276, 166 (2015)
  193. Muyibi SA, Evison LM, Wat. Res., 29(12), 2689 (1995)
  194. Okuda T, Baes AU, Nishijima W, Okada M, Water Res., 35(3), 830 (2001)
  195. Radovich T, Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry, Permanent 866 Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawai, 2009.
  196. Bonton A, Bouchard C, Barbeau B, Jedrzejak S, Desalination, 284, 42 (2012)
  197. Valverde KC, et al., Desalin. Water Treat, 56, 1787 (2015)
  198. Kong SH, Loh SK, Bachmann RT, Rahim SA, Salimon J, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 39, 729 (2014)
  199. Boopathi NM, Collection, Conservation and Utilization of Moringa Germplasm. [Online]. Available: https://sites.google.com/site/drnmboopathi/projects/moringa-project.
  200. Anwar F, Bhanger MI, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51(22), 6558 (2003)
  201. Anwar F, Rashid U, Pakistan J. Bot., 39, 1443 (2007)
  202. Zaku SG, Emmanuel S, Tukur AA, Kabir A, Afr. J. Food Sci., 9, 456 (2015)
  203. Abaliwano JK, Ghebremichael KA, Amy GL, Application of the Purified Moringa Oleifera Coagulant for Surface Water Treatment, vol. 5, 2008.
  204. Wilbert MC, Water Treatment Technology Program Report No. 22, US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, USA, 1997.
  205. LeChevallier MW, Babcock TM, Lee RG, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53, 2714 (1987)
  206. Ghebremichael KA, Water Supply, and Environ-mental Sanitation, pp.434 (2006).
  207. Arbenz A, Averous L, Green Chem., 17, 2626 (2015)
  208. Nharingo T, Moyo M, J. Environ. Manage., 16(6), 55 (2016)
  209. Stoker HS, Carbohydrates, Organic and Biological Chemistry, 7th ed., Cengage Learning, pp.292 2015.
  210. Floridi G, Langella V, Li BG, Pelizzari R, Pfeiffer U, Hydroxypropyl guar, WO2012159972 A1, 2012.
  211. Subramanium S, Nand V, Maata M, Koshy K, Res. J. Chem. Environ., 15(2), 135 (2011)
  212. Asrafuzzaman M, Fakhruddin ANM, Hossain MA, Int. Sch. Res. Netw. ISRN Microbiol. 6 (2011).
  213. Kukic DV, Sciban MB, Prodanovic JM, Tepic AN, Vaisc MA, Ecol. Eng., 84, 229 (2015)
  214. Choubey S, Rajput SK, Bapat KN, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng., 2(10), 429 (2012)
  215. Marobhe NJ, Renman G, Jackson M, Inst. Eng. Tanzania, 8(3), 50 (2007)
  216. Al-sameraiy M, JWARP, 2012, 79 (2012)
  217. Mukhtar A, Ali W, Hussain G, Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci., 52, 117 (2015)
  218. Torres LG, Sandra LCU, Mabel V, Nat. Resour., 3, 35 (2012)
  219. Al-Samawi AA, Shokrala EM, Environ. Sci. Technol., A-31(8), 1881 (1996)
  220. Anastasakis K, Kalderis D, Diamadopoulos E, DES, 249(2), 786 (2009)
  221. Sciban M, Klasnja M, Antov M, Skrbic B, Bioresour. Technol., 100(24), 6639 (2009)
  222. Patale V, Pandya J, Asian J. Plant Sci. Res., 2(4), 442 (2012)
  223. Schulz CR, Okun DA, JAWWA, 75, 212 (1983)
  224. Pritchard M, Mkandwire P, Edmondson A, O’Neil JG, Kululanga G, Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C, 34, 799 (2009)
  225. Unnisa SA, Deepthi P, Makkanti K, J. Environ. Prot. Sci., 4, 8 (2010)
  226. Vara S, Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng., 3(29) (2012)
  227. Youngabi KA, Tre for life Journal, Proceeding of an E-Seminar, 1-14 (2004).
  228. Idris J, Md Som A, Musa M, Ku Hamid KH, Husen R, Muhd Rodhi MN, J. Chem., 2013, 1 (2013)
  229. Qureshi K, Bhatti I, Shaikh MS, Sindh Univ. Res. J., 3(1), 105 (2011)
  230. Gassenschmidt U, Jang KD, Tauscher B, Biol. Chem. Hopper-Seyler, 372, 659 (1991)
  231. Sciban MB Antov M, Klasnja MT, APTEFF, 37, 37 (2006)
  232. Antov MG, Sciban MB, Adamovic SR, Klasnja MT, APTEFF, 38, 1 (2007)
  233. Bidhendi GN, J. Water Resour. Prot., 1(2), 90 (2009)
  234. Ramavandi B, Hashemi S, Kafaei R, MethodsX, 2, 278 (2015)
  235. Bazrafshan E, Mostafapour FK, Ahmadabadi M, Mahvi AH, Desalin. Water Treat., 56(4), 977 (2015)
  236. Ali GH, Hegazy E, Badr, Fouad HA, El-hefny RM, J. Appl. Sci. Res., 5(8), 1020 (2008)
  237. Ho YC, Norli I, Alkarkhi AFM, Morad N, Technology I, Iran J. Energy Environ., 5(1), 2 (2014)
  238. Muyibi SA, Okuufu CA, Int. J. Environ. Stud., 48, 263 (1995)
  239. Alo MN, Anyim C, Elom M, Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(2), 887 (2012)
  240. Jodi ML, Yahaya Y, Sokoto MA, Glob. Adv. Res. J. Chem. Mater. Sci., 1(4), 71 (2012)
  241. Sapana MM, Sonal GC, Raut PD, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(3), 31 (2012)
  242. Egbuikwem PN, Sangodoyin AY, Eur. Int. J. Sci. Technol., 2(7), 13 (2013)
  243. Ramavandi B, Water Resour. Ind., 6, 36 (2014)
  244. Sarker P, Rahman M, Easha NJ, Jahangirnagar Univ. Environ. Bull., 3, 25 (2014)
  245. Marobhe N, Renman G, Int. J. Environ. Sci., 3(5), 1749 (2013)
  246. Katayon SCNS, Noor MJMM, Abdullah AGL, Int. J. Eng. Technol., 3(2), 191 (2006)
  247. Liew AG, Noor MJMM, Muyibi SA, Fugara AMS, Muhammed TA, Iyuke SE, Int. J. Environ. Stud., 63(2), 211 (2006)
  248. Beltran-Heredia J, Sanchez-Martin J, Environ. Technol., 30(6), 525 (2009)